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inferior to prophetic�察�unless indeed we believe�察�or rather dream�察�that the
prophets had human bodies but superhuman minds�察�and therefore that their
sensations and consciousness were entirely different from our own。
��8�� But�察�although ordinary knowledge is Divine�察�its professors cannot
be called prophets ��Endnote 2�В察 �for they teach what the rest of mankind
could perceive and apprehend�察 �not merely by simple faith�察�but as surely
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and honourably as themselves。
��9�� Seeing then that our mind subjectively contains in itself and
partakes of the nature of God�察 �and solely from this cause is enabled to
form notions explaining natural phenomena and inculcating morality�察 �it
follows that we may rightly assert the nature of the human mind ��in so far
as it is thus conceived�� to be a primary cause of Divine revelation。 ��10�� All
that we clearly and distinctly understand is dictated to us�察�as I have just
pointed out�察�by the idea and nature of God�察�not indeed through words�察�but
in a way far more excellent and agreeing perfectly with the nature of the
mind�察�as all who have enjoyed intellectual certainty will doubtless attest。
��11�� Here�察 �however�察 �my chief purpose is to speak of matters having
reference to Scripture�察 �so these few words on the light of reason will
suffice。
��12�� I will now pass on to�察 �and treat more fully�察 �the other ways and
means by which God makes revelations to mankind�察 �both of that which
transcends ordinary knowledge�察�and of that within its scope�察�for there is no
reason why God should not employ other means to communicate what we
know already by the power of reason。
��13�� Our conclusions on the subject must be drawn solely from
Scripture�察 �for what can we affirm about matters transcending our
knowledge except what is told us by the words or writings of prophets�拭�
��14�� And since there are�察�so far as I know�察�no prophets now alive�察�we have
no alternative but to read the books of prophets departed�察�taking care the
while not to reason from metaphor or to ascribe anything to our authors
which they do not themselves distinctly state。 ��15�� I must further premise
that the Jews never make any mention or account of secondary�察 �or
particular causes�察�but in a spirit of religion�察�piety�察�and what is commonly
called godliness�察�refer all things directly to the Deity。 ��16�� For instance if
they make money by a transaction�察�they say God gave it to them�察�if they
desire anything�察�they say God has disposed their hearts towards it�察�if they
think anything�察�they say God told them。 ��17�� Hence we must not suppose
that everything is prophecy or revelation which is described in Scripture as
told by God to anyone�察�but only such things as are expressly announced as
prophecy or revelation�察�or are plainly pointed to as such by the context。
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��18�� A perusal of the sacred books will show us that all God's
revelations to the prophets were made through words or appearances�察�or a
combination of the two。 ��19�� These words and appearances were of two
kinds�察�1。´ real when external to the mind of the prophet who heard or saw
them�察 �2。´ imaginary when the imagination of the prophet was in a state
which led him distinctly to suppose that he heard or saw them。
��20�� With a real voice God revealed to Moses the laws which He
wished to be transmitted to the Hebrews�察 �as we may see from Exodus
xxv��22�察 �where God says�察 �And there I will meet with thee and I will
commune with thee from the mercy seat which is between the Cherubim。;
��21�� Some sort of real voice must necessarily have been employed�察 �for
Moses found God ready to commune with him at any time。 This�察�as I shall
shortly show�察�is the only instance of a real voice。
��22�� We might�察�perhaps�察�suppose that the voice with which God called
Samuel was real�察�for in 1 Sam。 iii��21�察�we read�察 �And the Lord appeared
again in Shiloh�察�for the Lord revealed Himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the
word of the Lord�察─�implying that the appearance of the Lord consisted in
His making Himself known to Samuel through a voice�察 �in other words�察�
that Samuel heard the Lord speaking。 ��23�� But we are compelled to
distinguish between the prophecies of Moses and those of other prophets�察�
and therefore must decide that this voice was imaginary�察 �a conclusion
further supported by the voice's resemblance to the voice of Eli�察 �which
Samuel was in the habit of hearing�察 �and therefore might easily imagine�察�
when thrice called by the Lord�察�Samuel supposed it to have been Eli。
��24�� The voice which Abimelech heard was imaginary�察�for it is written�察�
Gen。 xx��6�察 �And God said unto him in a dream。; ��25�� So that the will of
God was manifest to him�察�not in waking�察�but only�察�in sleep�察�that is�察�when
the imagination is most active and uncontrolled。 ��26�� Some of the Jews
believe that the actual words of the Decalogue were not spoken by God�察�
but that the Israelites heard a noise only�察�without any distinct words�察�and
during its continuance apprehended the Ten Commandments by pure
intuition�察�to this opinion I myself once inclined�察�seeing that the words of
the Decalogue in Exodus are different from the words of the Decalogue in
Deuteronomy�察�for the discrepancy seemed to imply ��since God only spoke
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once�� that the Ten Commandments were not intended to convey the actual
words of the Lord�察�but only His meaning。 ��27�� However�察�unless we would
do violence to Scripture�察�we must certainly admit that the Israelites heard a
real voice�察�for Scripture expressly says�察 �Deut。 v��4�察─�God spake with you
face to face�察─ �i。e。 as two men ordinarily interchange ideas through the
instrumentality of their two bodies�察�and therefore it seems more consonant
with Holy Writ to suppose that God really did create a voice of some kind
with which the Decalogue was revealed。 ��28�� The discrepancy of the two
versions is treated of in Chap。 VIII。
��29�� Yet not even thus is all difficulty removed�察�for it seems scarcely
reasonable to affirm that a created thing�察�depending on God in the same
manner as other created things�察 �would be able to express or explain the
nature of God either verbally or really by means of its individual organism�此�
for instance�察�by declaring in the first person�察 �I am the Lord your God。;
��30�� Certainly when anyone says with his mouth�察 �I understand�察─�we
do not attribute the understanding to the mouth�察 �but to the mind of the
speaker�察 �yet this is because the mouth is the natural organ of a man
speaking�察 �and the hearer�察 �knowing what understanding is�察 �easily
comprehends�察 �by a comparison with himself�察 �that the speaker's mind is
meant�察�but if we knew nothing of God beyond the mere name and wished
to commune with Him�察�and be assured of His existence�察�I fail to see how
our wish would be satisfied by the declaration of a created thing
��depending on God neither more nor less than ourselves���察 �I am the Lord。;
��31�� If God contorted the lips of Moses�察�or�察�I will not say Moses�察�but some
beast�察 �till they pronounced the words�察 �I am the Lord�察─ �should we
apprehend the Lord's existence therefrom�拭�
��32�� Scripture seems clearly to point to the belief that God spoke
Himself�察�having descended from heaven to Mount Sinai for the purpose ´
and not only that the Israelites heard Him speaking�察 �but that their chief
men beheld Him ��Ex��xxiv。�� ��33�� Further the law of Moses�察�which might
neither be added to nor curtailed�察 �and which was set up as a national
standard of right�察�nowhere prescribed the belief that God is without body�察�
or even without form or figure�察 �but only ordained that the Jews should
believe in His existence and worship Him alone�此�it forbade them to invent
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