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stories to tell to children(隅湧絞並)-及5何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


to    correlate    different     forms    of   expression�察     �and    to   react   on    speech´ 

expression       through     sense´stimulus。        But   playing     the   story    is  a  closer 

relative to English than this。 It helps�察�amazingly�察�in giving the ;something 

to say�察�the urgent desire to say it�察─�and the freedom in trying。 Never mind 

the    crudities��at     least�察  �at  the    time�察  �work     only    for   joyous     freedom�察�

inventiveness�察�and natural forms of reproduction of the ideas given。 Look 

for   very   gradual   changes   in   speech�察  �through   the   permeating   power   of 

imitation�察  �but   do   not   forget   that   this   is   the   stage   of   expression   which 

inevitably precedes art。 

     All   this   will   mean   that   no   corrections   are   made�察  �except   in   flagrant 

cases   of   slang   or   grammar�察  �though   all   bad   slips   are   mentally   noted�察  �for 

introduction   at   a   more   favorable   time。   It   will   mean   that   the   teacher   will 

respect the continuity of thought and interest as completely as she would 

wish   an   audience   to   respect   her   occasional   prosy   periods   if   she   were 

reading   a   report。   She   will   remember�察  �of   course   that   she   is   not   training 

actors   for   amateur   theatricals�察  �however   tempting   her   show´material   may 

be�察   �she   is  simply    letting    the  children     play   with    expression�察    �just   as  a 

gymnasium          teacher      introduces      muscular       play��for      power      through 

relaxation。 

     When the time comes that the  actors lose their unconsciousness it   is 

the end of the story´play。 Drilled work�察�the beginning of the art�察�is then the 

necessity。 

     I   have   indicated   that   the   children   may   be   left   undisturbed   in   their 

crudities and occasional absurdities。 The teacher�察�on the other hand�察�must 

avoid�察    �with    great    judgment�察     �certain    absurdities     which      can   easily    be 

initiated by her。 The first direful possibility is in the choice of material。 It 

is very desirable that children should not be allowed to dramatize stories 

of a kind so poetic�察�so delicate�察�or so potentially valuable that the material 

is in danger of losing future beauty to the pupils through its present crude 

handling。 Mother Goose is a hardy old lady�察�and will not suffer from the 



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grasp     of   the  seven´year´old�察       �and   the   familiar    fables    and    tales  of   the 

;Goldilocks;   variety   have   a   firmness   of   surface   which   does   not   let   the 

glamour   rub   off�察  �but   stories   in   which   there   is   a   hint   of   the   beauty   just 

beyond the   palpableor of   a dignity  suggestive of developed literature 

are   sorely  hurt   in   their   metamorphosis�察  �and   should   be protected   from  it。 

They are for telling only。 

     Another   point   on   which   it   is   necessary   to   exercise   reserve   is   in   the 

degree to which any story can be acted。 In the justifiable desire to bring a 

large   number   of   children   into   the   action   one   must   not   lose   sight   of   the 

sanity and propriety of the presentation。 For example�察�one must not make a 

ridiculous   caricature�察  �where   a   picture�察  �however   crude�察  �is   the   intention。 

Personally   represent   only   such   things   as   are   definitely   and   dramatically 

personified       in  the  story。   If  a  natural    force�察   �the  wind�察   �for   example�察     �is 

represented as talking and acting like a human being in the story�察�it can be 

imaged by a person in the play�察�but if it remains a part of the picture in the 

story�察�performing only its natural motions�察�it is a caricature to enact it as a 

role。 The most powerful instance of a mistake of this kind which I have 

ever seen will doubtless make my meaning clear。 In playing a pretty story 

about animals and children�察�some children in a primary school were made 

by the teacher to take the part of the sea。 In the story�察�the sea was said to 

;beat   upon   the   shore�察─  �as   a   sea   would�察  �without   doubt。   In   the   play�察  �the 

children were allowed to thump the floor lustily�察�as a presentation of their 

watery functions� �It was unconscionably funny。 Fancy presenting even the 

crudest   image   of   the   mighty   sea�察  �surging   up   on   the   shore�察  �by   a   row   of 

infants squatted on   the  floor  and pounding   with   their  fists�   �Such pitfalls 

can   be   avoided   by   the   simple   rule   of   personifying   only   characters   that 

actually behave like human beings。 

     A caution which directly concerns the art of story telling itself�察�must 

be added here。 There is a definite distinction between the arts of narration 

and dramatization which must never be overlooked。 Do not�察�yourself�察�half 

tell and half act the story�察�and do not let the children do it。 It is done in 

very   good   schools�察  �sometimes�察  �because   an   enthusiasm   for   realistic   and 

lively presentation momentarily obscures the faculty of discrimination。 A 

much loved and respected teacher whom I recently listened to�察�and   who 



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will laugh if she recognizes her blunder here�察�offers a good ;bad example; 

in this particular。 She said to an attentive audience of students that she had 

at last�察�with much difficulty�察�brought herself to the point where she could 

forget herself in her story�此�where she could�察�for instance�察�hop�察�like the fox�察�

when she told the story of the ;sour grapes。; She said�察 �It was hard at first�察�

but   now   it   is   a   matter   of   course�察  �AND   THE   CHILDREN   DO   IT   TOO�察�

WHEN         THEY      TELL      THE     STORY。;       That    was    the   pity�   �I  saw    the 

illustration   myself   a   little   later。   The   child   who   played   fox   began   with   a 

story�此�he said�察 �Once there was an old fox�察�and he saw some grapes�察─�then 

the   child   walked      to  the   other   side   of   the   room�察  �and   looked    up   at  an 

imaginary vine�察�and said�察 �He wanted some�察�he thought they would taste 

good�察�so he jumped for them�察─�at this point the child did jump�察�like his role�察�

then he   continued   with   his   story�察   �but   he   couldn't get   them。;   And   so   he 

proceeded�察      �with   a   constant    alternation     of   narrative    and   dramatization 

which was enough to make one dizzy。 

     The trouble in such work is�察�plainly�察�a lack of discriminating analysis。 

Telling a story necessarily implies non´identification of the teller with the 

event�察    �he   relates    what    occurs    or   occurred�察    �outside     of  his   circle    of 

conciousness。 Acting a play necessarily implies identification of the actor 

with the event�察�he presents to you a picture of the thing�察�in himself。 It is a 

difference wide and clear�察�and the least failure to recognize it confuses the 

audience and injures both arts。 

     In   the   preceding   instances   of   secondary   uses   of   story´telling   I   have 

come   some   distance   from   the   great   point�察  �the   fundamental   point�察  �of   the 

power of imitation in breeding good habit。 This power is less noticeably 

active in the dramatizing than in simple re´telling�察�in the listening and the 

re´ telling�察�it is dominant for good。 The child imitates what he hears you 

say and sees you do�察�and the way you say and do it�察�far more closely in the 

story´hour than in any lesson´period。 He is in a more absorbent state�察�as it 

were�察    �because     there   is  no   preoccupation        of  effort。   Here    is  the   great 

opportunity of the cultured teacher�察�here is the appalling opportunity of the 

careless   or   ignorant   teacher。   For   the   implications   of   the   oral   theory   of 

teaching English are evident�察�concerning the immense importance of the 

teacher's   habit。   This   is   what   it   all   comes   to   ultimately�察  �the   teacher   of 



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young children must be a person who can speak English as it should be 

spoken��purely�察�clearly�察�pleasantly�察�and with force。 

     It is a hard ideal to live up to�察�but it is a valuable ideal to try to live up 

to。   And   one   of   the   best   chances   to   work   toward   attainment   is   in   telling 

stories�察  �for   there   you   have   definite   material�察  �which   you   can   work   into 

shape and practice on in private。 That practice ought to include conscious 

thought   as   to   one's   general   manner   in   the   schoolroom�察  �and   intelligent
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��