嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
響慕片 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

stories to tell to children(隅湧絞並)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��




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pronunciation are essentials。 But they are。 You can no more help affecting 

the meaning of your words by the way you say them than you can prevent 

the expressions of your face from carrying a message�察�the message may be 

perverted      by   an   uncouth     habit�察  �but   it  will  no   less   surely   insist   on 

recognition。 

     The fact is that speech is a method of carrying ideas from one human 

soul to another�察�by way of the ear。 And these ideas are very complex。 They 

are not unmixed emanations of pure intellect�察�transmitted to pure intellect�此�

they are compounded of emotions�察�thoughts�察�fancies�察�and are enhanced or 

impeded in transmission by the use of word´symbols which have acquired�察�

by    association�察   �infinite   complexities      in  themselves。     The    mood     of  the 

moment�察�the especial weight of a turn of thought�察�the desire of the speaker 

to   share   his   exact   soul´concept     with    you��these    seek   far  more    subtle 

means than the mere rendering of certain vocal signs�察�they demand such 

variations and delicate adjustments of sound as will inevitably affect the 

listening mind with the response desired。 

     There   is   no   ;what;   without   the   ;how;   in   speech。   The   same   written 

sentence      becomes      two    diametrically     opposite     ideas�察  �given     opposing 

inflection and accompanying voice´effect。 ;He stood in the front rank of 

the    battle;  can   be   made    praiseful    affirmation�察    �scornful   skepticism�察    �or 

simple question�察�by a simple varying of voice and inflection。 This is the 

more unmistakable way in which the ;how; affects the ;what。; Just as true 

is the less obvious fact。 The same written sentiment�察�spoken by Wendell 

Phillips and by a man from the Bowery or an uneducated ranchman�察�is not 

the same to the listener。 In one case the sentiment comes to the mind's ear 

with   certain   completing   and   enhancing   qualities   of   sound   which   give   it 

accuracy   and   poignancy。   The   words   themselves   retain   all   their   possible 

suggestiveness   in   the   speaker's   just   and   clear   enunciation�察  �and   have   a 

borrowed beauty�察�besides�察�from the associations of fine habit betrayed in 

the    voice   and   manner     of  speech。    And�察   �further�察  �the  immense      personal 

equation shows itself in the beauty and power of the vocal expressiveness�察�

which      carries   shades    of   meaning�察     �unguessed      delicacies    of   emotion�察�

intimations      of  beauty�察   �to  every   ear。  In   the  other   case�察  �the   thought    is 

clouded by unavoidable suggestions of ignorance and ugliness�察�brought by 



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                                       Stories To Tell Children 



the pronunciation and voice�察�even to an unanalytical ear�察�the meaning is 

obscured by inaccurate inflection and uncertain or corrupt enunciation�察�but�察�

worst of all�察�the personal atmosphere�察�the aroma�察�of the idea has been lost 

in transmission through a clumsy�察�ill´fitted medium。 

     The thing said may look the same on a printed page�察�but it is not the 

same when spoken。 And it is the spoken sentence which is the original and 

the usual mode of communication。 

     The   widespread   poverty   of   expression   in   English�察  �which   is   thus   a 

matter     of  ;how�察─    �and   to  which    we    are  awakening�察      �must    be  corrected 

chiefly�察  �at   least   at   first�察  �by   the   common   schools。   The   home   is   the   ideal 

place   for   it�察  �but   the   average   home   of   the   United   States   is   no   longer   a 

possible place for it。 The child of foreign parents�察�the child of parents little 

educated       and   bred    in   limited    circumstances�察      �the   child    of   powerful 

provincial      influences�察   �must    all  depend     on   the  school    for   standards     of 

English。 

     And it is the elementary school which must meet the need�察�if it is to be 

met at all。 For the conception of English expression which I am talking of 

can find no mode of instruction adequate to its meaning�察�save in constant 

appeal to the ear�察�at an age so early that unconscious habit is formed。 No 

rules�察�no analytical instruction in later development�察�can accomplish what 

is   needed。   Hearing   and   speaking�察  �imitating�察  �unwittingly   and   wittingly�察  �a 

good model�察�it is to this method we must look for redemption from present 

conditions。 

     I believe we are on the eve of a real revolution in English teaching�察�

only it is a revolution which will not break the peace。 The new way will 

leave   an   overwhelming   preponderance   of   oral   methods   in   use   up   to   the 

fifth   or   sixth   grade�察  �and   will   introduce   a   larger   proportion   of   oral   work 

than has ever been contemplated in grammar and high school work。 It will 

recognize   the   fact   that   English   is   primarily   something   spoken   with   the 

mouth   and   heard   with   the   ear。   And   this   recognition   will   have   greatest 

weight in the systems of elementary teaching。 

     It is as an aid in oral teaching of English that story´telling in school 

finds its second value�察�ethics is the first ground of its usefulness�察�English 

the second��and after these�察�the others。 It is�察�too�察�for the oral uses that the 



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secondary   forms   of   story´telling   are   so   available。   By   secondary   I   mean 

those devices which I have tried to indicate�察�as used by many American 

teachers�察  �in   the   chapter   on   ;Specific   Schoolroom   Uses�察─  �in   my   earlier 

book。   They  are   re´telling�察  �dramatization�察  �and   forms   of   seat´work。   All   of 

these are a great power in the hands of a wise teacher。 If combined with 

much attention to voice and enunciation in the recital of poetry�察�and with 

much   good   reading   aloud   BY  THE  TEACHER�察 �they  will   go   far   toward 

setting a standard and developing good habit。 

     But   their   provinces   must   not   be   confused   or   overestimated。   I   trust   I 

may be pardoned for offering a caution or two to the enthusiastic advocate 

of these methods��cautions the need of which has been forced upon me�察�in 

experience with schools。 

     A   teacher   who   uses   the   oral   story   as   an   English   feature   with   little 

children must never lose sight of the fact that it is an aid in unconscious 

development�察�not   a   factor in studied�察 �conscious improvement。  This truth 

cannot   be   too   strongly  realized。   Other   exercises�察  �in   sufficiency�察  �give   the 

opportunity for regulated effort for definite results�察�but the story is one of 

the   play´   forces。   Its   use   in   English   teaching   is   most   valuable   when   the 

teacher has a keen appreciation of the natural order of growth in the art of 

expression�此  �that   art   requires�察 �as   the  old   rhetorics used   often to   put   it�察   �a 

natural facility�察�succeeded by an acquired difficulty。; In other words�察�the 

power of expression depends�察�first�察�on something more fundamental than 

the art´element�察�the basis of it is something to say�察�ACCOMPANIED BY 

AN      URGENT          DESIRE        TO     SAY      IT�察  �and     YIELDED         TO     WITH 

FREEDOM�察  �only  after   this   stage   is   reached   can   the   art´phase be   of   any 

use。 The ;why; and ;how�察─�the analytical and constructive phases�察�have no 

natural place in this first vital epoch。 

     Precisely here�察�however�察�does the dramatizing of stories and the paper´ 

cutting�察  �etc。�察  �become   useful。   A   fine   and   thoughtful   principal   of   a   great 

school   asked   me�察  �recently�察  �with   real   concern�察  �about   the   growing   use   of 

such devices。 He said�察 �Paper´cutting is good�察�but what has it to do with 

English�拭─  �And   then   he   added�此   �The   children   use   abominable   language 

when   they   play   the      stories�察  �can    that   directly   aid   them   to   speak    good 

English�拭─  �His   observation   was   close   and   correct�察  �and   his   conservatism 



                                                   15 


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                                        Stories To Tell Children 



more   valuable   than   the   enthusiasm   of   some   of   his   colleagues   who   have 

advocated sweeping use of the supplementary work。 But his point of view 

ignored the basis of expression�察�which is to my mind so important。 Paper´ 

cutting is external to English�察�of course。 Its only connection is in its power 

to    correlate    different     forms    of   expression�察     �and    
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��