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響慕片 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

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  Y。 Soc。 Exactly so。

  Str。 Then�察�now that we have discovered the various classes in a

State�察�shall I analyse politics after the pattern which weaving

supplied��

  Y。 Soc。 I greatly wish that you would。

  Str。 Then I must describe the nature of the royal web�察�and show

how the various threads are woven into one piece。

  Y。 Soc。 Clearly。

  Str。 A task has to be accomplished�察�which although difficult��

appears to be necessary。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly the attempt must be made。

  Str。 To assume that one part of virtue differs in kind 

from another��

is a position easily assailable by contentious disputants�察�who

appeal to popular opinion。

  Y。 Soc。 I do not understand。

  Str。 Let me put the matter in another way�此�I suppose that you

would consider courage to be a part of virtue��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly I should。

  Str。 And you would think temperance to be different from courage��

and likewise to be a part of virtue��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 I shall venture to put forward a strange theory about them。

  Y。 Soc。 What is it��

  Str。 That they are two principles which thoroughly hate one

another and are antagonistic throughout a great part of nature。

  Y。 Soc。 How singular��

  Str。 Yes very´for all the parts of virtue are commonly said to be

friendly to one another。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 Then let us carefully investigate whether this is universally

true�察�or whether there are not parts of virtue which are at war with

their kindred in some respect。

  Y。 Soc。 Tell me how we shall consider that question。

  Str。 We must extend our enquiry to all those things which we

consider beautiful and at the same time place in two 

opposite classes。

  Y。 Soc。 Explain�察�what are they��

  Str。 Acuteness and quickness�察�whether in body or soul or in the

movement of sound�察�and the imitations of them which painting 

and music

supply�察�you must have praised yourself before now�察�or been present

when others praised them。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 And do you remember the terms in which they are praised��

  Y。 Soc。 I do not。

  Str。 I wonder whether I can explain to you in words the thought

which is passing in my mind。

  Y。 Soc。 Why not��

  Str。 You fancy that this is all so easy�此�Well�察�let us 

consider these

notions with reference to the opposite classes of action under which

they fall。 When we praise quickness and energy and acuteness��

whether of mind or body or sound�察�we express our praise of 

the quality

which we admire by one word�察�and that one word is manliness or

courage。

  Y。 Soc。 How��

  Str。 We speak of an action as energetic and brave�察�quick and

manly�察�and vigorous too�察�and when we apply the name of which I speak

as the common attribute of all these natures�察�we certainly praise

them。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And do we not often praise the quiet strain of action also��

  Y。 Soc。 To be sure。

  Str。 And do we not then say the opposite of what we said of the

other��

  Y。 Soc。 How do you mean��

  Str。 We exclaim How calm� �How temperate� �in admiration of the slow

and quiet working of the intellect�察�and of steadiness and gentleness

in action�察�of smoothness and depth of voice�察�and of all rhythmical

movement and of music in general�察�when these have a proper

solemnity。 Of all such actions we predicate not courage�察�but a name

indicative of order。

  Y。 Soc。 Very true。

  Str。 But when�察�on the other hand�察�either of these is out of place��

the names of either are changed into terms of censure。

  Y。 Soc。 How so��

  Str。 Too great sharpness or quickness or hardness is 

termed violence

or madness�察�too great slowness or gentleness is called cowardice or

sluggishness�察�and we may observe�察�that for the most part these

qualities�察�and the temperance and manliness of the opposite

characters�察�are arrayed as enemies on opposite sides�察�and do not

mingle with one another in their respective actions�察�and if we

pursue the enquiry�察�we shall find that men who have these different

qualities of mind differ from one another。

  Y。 Soc。 In what respect��

  Str。 In respect of all the qualities which I mentioned�察�and very

likely of many others。 According to their respective affinities to

either class of actions they distribute praise and 

blame´praise to the

actions which are akin to their own�察�blame to those of the opposite

party´and out of this many quarrels and occasions of quarrel arise

among them。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 The difference between the two classes is often a trivial

concern�察�but in a state�察�and when affecting really important

matters�察�becomes of all disorders the most hateful。

  Y。 Soc。 To what do you refer��

  Str。 To nothing short of the whole regulation of human 

life。 For the

orderly class are always ready to lead a peaceful life�察�quietly

doing their own business�察�this is their manner of behaving with all

men at home�察�and they are equally ready to find some way of keeping

the peace with foreign States。 And on account of this fondness of

theirs for peace�察�which is often out of season where their influence

prevails�察�they become by degrees unwarlike�察�and bring up their young

men to be like themselves�察�they are at the mercy of their enemies��

whence in a few years they and their children and the whole 

city often

pass imperceptibly from the condition of freemen into that of slaves。

  Y。 Soc。 What a cruel fate��

  Str。 And now think of what happens with the more 

courageous natures。

Are they not always inciting their country to go to war�察�owing to

their excessive love of the military life�拭�they raise up enemies

against themselves many and mighty�察�and either utterly ruin their

native land or enslave and subject it to its foes��

  Y。 Soc。 That�察�again�察�is true。

  Str。 Must we not admit�察�then�察�that where these two classes exist。

they always feel the greatest antipathy and antagonism towards one

another��

  Y。 Soc。 We cannot deny it。

  Str。 And returning to the enquiry with which we began�察�have we not

found that considerable portions of virtue are at variance with one

another�察�and give rise to a similar opposition in the characters who

are endowed with them��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 Let us consider a further point。

  Y。 Soc。 What is it��

  Str。 I want to know�察�whether any constructive art will make any��

even the most trivial thing�察�out of bad and good materials

indifferently�察�if this can be helped�拭�does not all art rather reject

the bad as far as possible�察�and accept the good and fit 

materials�察�and

from these elements�察�whether like or unlike�察�gathering them all into

one�察�work out some nature or idea��

  Y。 Soc。 To�察�be sure。

  Str。 Then the true and natural art of statesmanship will 

never allow

any State to be formed by a combination of good and bad men�察�if this

can be avoided�察�but will begin by testing human natures in play�察�and

after testing them�察�will entrust them to proper teachers who are the

ministers of her purposes´she will herself give orders�察�and maintain

authority�察�just as the art of weaving continually gives orders and

maintains authority over the carders and all the others who prepare

the material for the work�察�commanding the subsidiary arts to execute

the works which she deems necessary for making the web。

  Y。 Soc。 Quite true。

  Str。 In like manner�察�the royal science appears to me to be the

mistress of all lawful educators and instructors�察�and having this

queenly power�察�will not permit them to train men in what will

produce characters unsuited to the political constitution which she

desires to create�察�but only in what will produce such as are 

suitable。

Those which have no share of manliness and temperance�察�or any other

virtuous inclination�察�and�察�from the necessity of an evil nature�察�are

violently carried away to godlessness and insolence and 

injustice�察�she

gets rid of by death and exile�察�and punishes them with the 

greatest of

disgraces。

  Y。 Soc。 That is commonly said。

  Str。 But those who are wallowing in ignorance and baseness she

bows under the yoke of slavery。

  Y。 Soc。 Quite right。

  Str。 The rest of the citizens�察�out of whom�察�if they have

education�察�something noble may be made�察�and who are capable of being

united by the Statesman�察�the kingly art blends and weaves together��

taking on the one hand those whose natures tend rather to courage��

which is the stronger element and may be regarded as the warp�察�and

on the other hand those which incline to order and gentleness�察�and

which are represented in the figure as spun thick and soft after the

manner of the woof´these�察�which are naturally opposed�察�she seeks to

bind and weave together in the following manner��

  Y。 Soc。 In what manner��

  Str。 First of all�察�she takes the eternal element of the soul and

binds it with a divine cord�察�to which it is akin�察�and then the

animal nature�察�and binds that with human cords。

  Y。 Soc。 I do not understand what you mean。

  Str。 The meaning is�察�that the opinion about the honourable and the

just and good and their opposites�察�which is true and confirmed by

reason�察�is a divine principle�察�and when implanted in the soul�察�is

implanted�察�as I maintain�察�in a nature of heavenly birt
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