嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
響慕片 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the soul of the indian(喩芦繁岻至)-及6何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


wealth in honor of the occasion�察�although these were no essential part of 

the religious rite。       When the day came to procure the pole�察�it was brought 

in by a party of warriors�察�headed by some man of distinction。                          The tree 

selected   was   six   to   eight   inches   in   diameter   at   the   base�察  �and   twenty   to 

twenty´five   feet   high。       It   was   chosen   and   felled   with   some   solemnity�察�

including the ceremony of the ;filled pipe�察─�and was carried in the fashion 

of   a   litter�察  �symbolizing   the   body   of   the   man   who   made   the   dance。        A 

solitary   teepee   was   pitched   on   a   level   spot   at   some   distance   from   the 

village�察�and the pole raised near at hand with the same ceremony�察�in the 

centre of a circular enclosure of fresh´cut boughs。 

     Meanwhile�察�one of the most noted of our old men had carved out of 

rawhide�察  �or   later   of   wood�察  �two   figures�察  �usually   those   of   a   man   and   a 

buffalo。      Sometimes        the   figure    of  a   bird�察 �supposed      to   represent     the 

Thunder�察�was substituted for the buffalo。                 It was customary to paint the 

man red and the animal black�察�and each was suspended from one end of 

the   crossbar   which   was   securely  tied   some   two   feet   from  the   top   of   the 

pole。     I   have    never    been    able   to   determine      that  this   cross   had    any 

significance�察  �it   was   probably   nothing   more   than   a   dramatic   coincidence 

that surmounted the Sun´Dance pole with the symbol of Christianity。 

     The     paint   indicated     that   the   man    who    was    about    to   give   thanks 

publicly      had   been    potentially     dead�察   �but   was    allowed     to   live   by   the 

mysterious favor and interference of the Giver of Life。                    The buffalo hung 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



opposite the image of his own body in death�察�because it was the support of 

his physical self�察�and a leading figure in legendary lore。                 Following the 

same     line   of  thought�察   �when     he   emerged     from    the   solitary   lodge   of 

preparation�察     �and    approached      the   pole   to   dance�察   �nude    save    for  his 

breechclout   and   moccasins�察  �his   hair   loosened   and   daubed   with   clay�察  �he 

must drag after him a buffalo skull�察�representing the grave from which he 

had escaped。 

     The dancer was cut or scarified on the chest�察�sufficient to draw blood 

and cause pain�察�the natural accompaniments of his figurative death。                      He 

took   his   position opposite   the   singers�察  �facing  the   pole�察 �and   dragging   the 

skull by leather thongs which were merely fastened about his shoulders。 

During      a  later   period�察  �incisions    were    made     in  the   breast    or  back�察�

sometimes both�察�through which wooden skewers were drawn�察�and secured 

by    lariats   to  the   pole   or   to  the   skulls。    Thus      he   danced    without 

intermission for a day and a night�察�or even longer�察�ever gazing at the sun in 

the daytime�察�and blowing from time to time a sacred whistle made from 

the bone of a goose's wing。 

     In   recent   times�察  �this   rite   was   exaggerated   and   distorted   into   a   mere 

ghastly  display  of   physical strength   and   endurance   under torture�察  �almost 

on a level with the Caucasian institution of the bull´fight�察�or the yet more 

modern prize´ring。        Moreover�察�instead of an atonement or thank´offering�察�

it became the accompaniment of a prayer for success in war�察�or in a raid 

upon the horses of the enemy。           The number of dancers was increased�察�and 

they   were   made   to   hang   suspended   from   the   pole   by   their   own   flesh�察�

which they must break loose before being released。                 I well remember the 

comments in our own home upon the passing of this simple but impressive 

ceremony�察�and its loss of all meaning and propriety under the demoralizing 

additions   which   were   some   of   the   fruits   of   early   contact   with   the   white 

man。 

     Perhaps      the   most     remarkable      organization      ever    known     among 

American Indians�察�that of the ;Grand Medicine Lodge�察─�was apparently an 

indirect    result   of   the  labors    of  the   early   Jesuit   missionaries。      In   it 

Caucasian       ideas   are   easily   recognizable�察    �and   it  seems    reasonable      to 

suppose      that   its  founders     desired    to  establish    an   order    that  would 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



successfully   resist   the   encroachments   of   the   ;Black   Robes。;        However 

that may be�察�it is an unquestionable fact that the only religious leaders of 

any note who have arisen among the native tribes since the advent of the 

white man�察�the ;Shawnee Prophet; in 1762�察�and the half´breed prophet of 

the ;Ghost Dance; in 1890�察�both founded their claims or prophecies upon 

the Gospel story。       Thus in each case an Indian religious revival or craze�察�

though more or less threatening to the invader�察�was of distinctively alien 

origin。 

     The    Medicine      Lodge    originated     among     the  Algonquin      tribe�察 �and 

extended gradually throughout its branches�察�finally affecting the Sioux of 

the Mississippi Valley�察�and forming a strong bulwark against the work of 

the pioneer missionaries�察�who secured�察�indeed�察�scarcely any converts until 

after the outbreak of 1862�察�when subjection�察�starvation�察�and imprisonment 

turned our broken´hearted people to accept Christianity�察�which seemed to 

offer them the only gleam of kindness or hope。 

     The order was a secret one�察�and in some respects not unlike the Free 

Masons�察�being a union or affiliation of a number of lodges�察�each with its 

distinctive songs and medicines。           Leadership was in order of seniority in 

degrees�察    �which    could    only   be   obtained     by   merit�察  �and   women      were 

admitted to membership upon equal terms�察�with the possibility of attaining 

to the highest honors。 No person might become a member unless his moral 

standing   was   excellent�察  �all   candidates   remained   on   probation   for   one   or 

two     years�察   �and     murderers      and    adulterers     were    expelled。       The 

commandments promulgated by this order were essentially the same as the 

Mosaic Ten�察�so that it exerted a distinct moral influence�察�in addition to its 

ostensible     object�察  �which     was   instruction    in  the   secrets   of   legitimate 

medicine。 

     In   this   society   the   uses   of   all   curative   roots   and   herbs   known   to   us 

were   taught   exhaustively   and   practiced   mainly   by   the   old�察  �the   younger 

members   being   in   training   to   fill   the   places   of   those   who   passed   away。 

My grandmother was a well´known and successful practitioner�察�and both 

my mother and father were members�察�but did not practice。 

     A   medicine   or   ;mystery   feast;   was   not   a   public   affair�察  �as   members 

only were eligible�察�and upon these occasions all the ;medicine bags; and 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



totems of the various lodges were displayed and their peculiar ;medicine 

songs; were sung。         The food was only partaken of by invited guests�察�and 

not    by  the   hosts�察  �or  lodge    making    the   feast。   The    ;Grand     Medicine 

Dance; was given on the occasion of initiating those candidates who had 

finished their probation�察�a sufficient number of whom were designated to 

take the places of those who had died since the last meeting。                   Invitations 

were sent out in the form of small bundles of tobacco。                    Two very large 

teepees were pitched facing one another�察�a hundred feet apart�察�half open�察�

and connected by a roofless hall or colonnade of fresh´cut boughs。                      One 

of these lodges was for the society giving the dance and the novices�察�the 

other was occupied by the ;soldiers�察─�whose duty it was to distribute the 

refreshments�察      �and   to  keep    order    among     the   spectators。     They     were 

selected from among the best and bravest warriors of the tribe。 

     The    preparations     being    complete�察   �and   the   members      of  each   lodge 

garbed     and    painted    according     to  their   rituals�察 �they    entered    the  hall 

separately�察    �in  single    file�察 �led  by   their  oldest    man    or  ;Great    Chief。; 

Standing before the ;Soldiers' Lodge�察─  �facing the setting sun�察�their
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��