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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及17何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


right�察�and that they bind themselves to live in a certain way�察�depends on 

human      decree。    ��6��  Now�察    �though    I  freely   admit    that  all  things    are 

predetermined by  universal   natural laws   to   exist   and operate   in   a   given�察�

fixed�察�and definite manner�察�I still assert that the laws I have just mentioned 

depend on human decree。 

     ��1。�� ��7�� Because man�察�in so far as he is a part of nature�察�constitutes a 

part of the   power   of nature。 ��8�� Whatever�察  �therefore�察  �follows   necessarily 

from the necessity of human nature ��that is�察�from nature herself�察�in so far 

as we conceive of her as acting through man�� follows�察�even though it be 

necessarily�察�from human power。 ��9�� Hence the sanction of such laws may 

very well be said to depend on man's decree�察�for it principally depends on 

the  power   of   the   human   mind�察  �so   that   the   human   mind   in   respect   to   its 

perception of things as true and false�察�can readily be conceived as without 

such laws�察�but not without necessary law as we have just defined it。 



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     ��2。�� ��10�� I have stated that these laws depend on human decree because 

it is well to define and explain things by their proximate causes。 ��11�� The 

general consideration of fate and the concatenation of causes would aid us 

very    little  in  forming     and   arranging     our   ideas    concerning     particular 

questions。      ��12��   Let   us   add    that  as   to   the  actual    coordination      and 

concatenation       of   things�察  �that  is  how    things    are  ordained     and   linked 

together�察  �we   are   obviously   ignorant�察  �therefore�察  �it   is   more   profitable   for 

right living�察�nay�察�it is necessary for us to consider things as contingent。 ��13�� 

So much about law in the abstract。 

     ��14�� Now the word law seems to be only applied to natural phenomena 

by analogy�察�and is commonly taken to signify a command which men can 

either    obey    or  neglect�察  �inasmuch      as  it  restrains   human     nature   within 

certain originally exceeded limits�察�and therefore lays down no rule beyond 

human strength。 ��15�� Thus it is expedient to define law more particularly 

as   a   plan   of   life   laid   down   by   man   for   himself   or   others   with   a   certain 

object。 

     ��16�� However�察�as the true object of legislation is only perceived by a 

few�察�and most men are almost incapable of grasping it�察�though they live 

under its conditions�察�legislators�察�with a view to exacting general obedience�察�

have   wisely   put   forward   another   object�察  �very   different   from   that   which 

necessarily follows from the nature of law�此�they promise to the observers 

of the law that which the masses chiefly desire�察�and threaten its violators 

with that which they chiefly fear�此�thus endeavouring to restrain the masses�察�

as far as may be�察�like a horse with a curb�察�whence it follows that the word 

law is chiefly applied to the modes of life enjoined on men by the sway of 

others�察�hence those who obey the law are said to live under it and to be 

under   compulsion。   ��17��   In   truth�察  �a   man   who   renders   everyone   their   due 

because   he   fears   the   gallows�察  �acts   under   the   sway   and   compulsion   of 

others�察�and cannot be called just。 ��18�� But a man who does the same from 

a knowledge of   the true   reason   for laws   and   their necessity�察  �acts   from  a 

firm purpose and of his own accord�察�and is therefore properly called just。 

��19�� This�察�I take it�察�is Paul's meaning when he says�察�that those who live 

under the law cannot be justified through the law�察�for justice�察�as commonly 

defined�察�is the constant and perpetual will to render every man his due。 ��20�� 



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Thus Solomon says ��Prov。 xxi��15���察 �It is a joy to the just to do judgment�察─�

but the wicked fear。 

     ��21��  Law�察 �then�察�being   a  plan   of  living   which  men   have   for  a   certain 

object   laid   down   for   themselves   or   others�察  �may�察  �as   it   seems�察  �be   divided 

into human law and Divine law。 ��But both are opposite sides of the same 

coin�� 

     ��22�� By human law I mean a plan of living which serves only to render 

life   and   the   state   secure。   ��23��   By   Divine   law   I   mean   that   which   only 

regards the highest good�察�in other words�察�the true knowledge of God and 

love。 

     ��24�� I call this law Divine because of the nature of the highest good�察�

which I will here shortly explain as clearly as I can。 

     ��25�� Inasmuch as the intellect is the best part of our being�察�it is evident 

that we should make every effort to perfect it as far as possible if we desire 

to   search    for  what    is  really  profitable    to  us。   ��26��  For   in   intellectual 

perfection     the   highest    good    should    consist。   ��27��    Now�察   �since   all  our 

knowledge�察�and the certainty which   removes every doubt�察�depend   solely 

on the knowledge of God�察� firstly�察�because without God nothing can exist 

or   be   conceived�察  �secondly�察     �because   so   long   as   we   have   no   clear   and 

distinct idea of God we may remain in universal doubt ´ it follows that our 

highest good and perfection also depend solely on the knowledge of God。 

��28��   Further�察  �since   without   God   nothing   can   exist   or   be   conceived�察  �it   is 

evident that all natural phenomena involve and express the conception of 

God as far as their essence and perfection extend�察�so that we have greater 

and   more   perfect   knowledge   of   God   in   proportion   to   our   knowledge   of 

natural phenomena�此�conversely ��since the knowledge of an effect through 

its cause is the same thing as the knowledge of a particular property of a 

cause�� the greater our knowledge of natural phenomena�察�the more perfect 

is our knowledge of the essence of God ��which is the cause of all things��。 

��29�� So�察�then�察�our highest good not only depends on the knowledge of God�察�

but wholly consists therein�察�and it further follows that man is perfect or the 

reverse   in   proportion   to   the   nature   and   perfection   of   the   object   of   his 

special desire�察�hence the most perfect and the chief sharer in the highest 

blessedness is he who prizes above all else�察�and takes especial delight in�察�



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the intellectual knowledge of God�察�the most perfect Being。 

     ��30�� Hither�察�then�察�our highest good and our highest blessedness aim ´ 

namely�察�to the knowledge and love of God�察�therefore the means demanded 

by this aim of all human actions�察�that is�察�by God in so far as the idea of 

him is in us�察�may be called the commands of God�察�because they proceed�察�

as it were�察�from God Himself�察�inasmuch as He exists in our minds�察�and the 

plan   of   life   which   has   regard   to   this   aim   may   be   fitly  called   the   law   of 

God。 

     ��31��   The   nature   of   the   means�察  �and   the   plan   of   life   which   this   aim 

demands�察�how the foundations of the best states follow its lines�察�and how 

men's   life   is   conducted�察  �are   questions   pertaining   to   general   ethics。   ��32�� 

Here I only proceed to treat of the Divine law in a particular application。 

     ��33�� As the  love of God   is man's highest happiness and blessedness�察�

and the ultimate end and aim of all human actions�察�it follows that he alone 

lives by the Divine law who loves God not from fear of punishment�察�or 

from love of any other object�察�such as sensual pleasure�察�fame�察�or the like�察�

but   solely   because   he   has   knowledge   of   God�察  �or   is   convinced   that   the 

knowledge and love of God is the highest good。 ��34�� The sum and chief 

precept�察�then�察�of the Divine law is to love God as the highest good�察�namely�察�

as we have said�察�not from fear of any pains and penalties�察�or from the love 

of any other object in which we desire to take pleasure。 ��35�� The idea of 

God lays down the rule that God is our highest good ´ in other words�察�that 

the knowledge and love of God is the ultimate aim to which all our actions 

should   be   directed。   ��36��   The   worldling   cannot   understand   these   things�察�

they appear foolishness to him。 because he has too meager a knowledge of 

God�察�and also because in this highest good he can discover nothing which 

he   can   handle   or   eat�察  �or   which   affects   the   fleshly   appetites   wherein   he 

chiefly delights�察�for it consists solely in thought and the pure reason。 ��37�� 

They�察�on the other hand�察�who know that they possess no greater gift than 

intellect and sound reason�察�will doubtless accept what I hav
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