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right�察�and that they bind themselves to live in a certain way�察�depends on
human decree。 ��6�� Now�察 �though I freely admit that all things are
predetermined by universal natural laws to exist and operate in a given�察�
fixed�察�and definite manner�察�I still assert that the laws I have just mentioned
depend on human decree。
��1。�� ��7�� Because man�察�in so far as he is a part of nature�察�constitutes a
part of the power of nature。 ��8�� Whatever�察 �therefore�察 �follows necessarily
from the necessity of human nature ��that is�察�from nature herself�察�in so far
as we conceive of her as acting through man�� follows�察�even though it be
necessarily�察�from human power。 ��9�� Hence the sanction of such laws may
very well be said to depend on man's decree�察�for it principally depends on
the power of the human mind�察 �so that the human mind in respect to its
perception of things as true and false�察�can readily be conceived as without
such laws�察�but not without necessary law as we have just defined it。
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��2。�� ��10�� I have stated that these laws depend on human decree because
it is well to define and explain things by their proximate causes。 ��11�� The
general consideration of fate and the concatenation of causes would aid us
very little in forming and arranging our ideas concerning particular
questions。 ��12�� Let us add that as to the actual coordination and
concatenation of things�察 �that is how things are ordained and linked
together�察 �we are obviously ignorant�察 �therefore�察 �it is more profitable for
right living�察�nay�察�it is necessary for us to consider things as contingent。 ��13��
So much about law in the abstract。
��14�� Now the word law seems to be only applied to natural phenomena
by analogy�察�and is commonly taken to signify a command which men can
either obey or neglect�察 �inasmuch as it restrains human nature within
certain originally exceeded limits�察�and therefore lays down no rule beyond
human strength。 ��15�� Thus it is expedient to define law more particularly
as a plan of life laid down by man for himself or others with a certain
object。
��16�� However�察�as the true object of legislation is only perceived by a
few�察�and most men are almost incapable of grasping it�察�though they live
under its conditions�察�legislators�察�with a view to exacting general obedience�察�
have wisely put forward another object�察 �very different from that which
necessarily follows from the nature of law�此�they promise to the observers
of the law that which the masses chiefly desire�察�and threaten its violators
with that which they chiefly fear�此�thus endeavouring to restrain the masses�察�
as far as may be�察�like a horse with a curb�察�whence it follows that the word
law is chiefly applied to the modes of life enjoined on men by the sway of
others�察�hence those who obey the law are said to live under it and to be
under compulsion。 ��17�� In truth�察 �a man who renders everyone their due
because he fears the gallows�察 �acts under the sway and compulsion of
others�察�and cannot be called just。 ��18�� But a man who does the same from
a knowledge of the true reason for laws and their necessity�察 �acts from a
firm purpose and of his own accord�察�and is therefore properly called just。
��19�� This�察�I take it�察�is Paul's meaning when he says�察�that those who live
under the law cannot be justified through the law�察�for justice�察�as commonly
defined�察�is the constant and perpetual will to render every man his due。 ��20��
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Thus Solomon says ��Prov。 xxi��15���察 �It is a joy to the just to do judgment�察─�
but the wicked fear。
��21�� Law�察 �then�察�being a plan of living which men have for a certain
object laid down for themselves or others�察 �may�察 �as it seems�察 �be divided
into human law and Divine law。 ��But both are opposite sides of the same
coin��
��22�� By human law I mean a plan of living which serves only to render
life and the state secure。 ��23�� By Divine law I mean that which only
regards the highest good�察�in other words�察�the true knowledge of God and
love。
��24�� I call this law Divine because of the nature of the highest good�察�
which I will here shortly explain as clearly as I can。
��25�� Inasmuch as the intellect is the best part of our being�察�it is evident
that we should make every effort to perfect it as far as possible if we desire
to search for what is really profitable to us。 ��26�� For in intellectual
perfection the highest good should consist。 ��27�� Now�察 �since all our
knowledge�察�and the certainty which removes every doubt�察�depend solely
on the knowledge of God�察� firstly�察�because without God nothing can exist
or be conceived�察 �secondly�察 �because so long as we have no clear and
distinct idea of God we may remain in universal doubt ´ it follows that our
highest good and perfection also depend solely on the knowledge of God。
��28�� Further�察 �since without God nothing can exist or be conceived�察 �it is
evident that all natural phenomena involve and express the conception of
God as far as their essence and perfection extend�察�so that we have greater
and more perfect knowledge of God in proportion to our knowledge of
natural phenomena�此�conversely ��since the knowledge of an effect through
its cause is the same thing as the knowledge of a particular property of a
cause�� the greater our knowledge of natural phenomena�察�the more perfect
is our knowledge of the essence of God ��which is the cause of all things��。
��29�� So�察�then�察�our highest good not only depends on the knowledge of God�察�
but wholly consists therein�察�and it further follows that man is perfect or the
reverse in proportion to the nature and perfection of the object of his
special desire�察�hence the most perfect and the chief sharer in the highest
blessedness is he who prizes above all else�察�and takes especial delight in�察�
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the intellectual knowledge of God�察�the most perfect Being。
��30�� Hither�察�then�察�our highest good and our highest blessedness aim ´
namely�察�to the knowledge and love of God�察�therefore the means demanded
by this aim of all human actions�察�that is�察�by God in so far as the idea of
him is in us�察�may be called the commands of God�察�because they proceed�察�
as it were�察�from God Himself�察�inasmuch as He exists in our minds�察�and the
plan of life which has regard to this aim may be fitly called the law of
God。
��31�� The nature of the means�察 �and the plan of life which this aim
demands�察�how the foundations of the best states follow its lines�察�and how
men's life is conducted�察 �are questions pertaining to general ethics。 ��32��
Here I only proceed to treat of the Divine law in a particular application。
��33�� As the love of God is man's highest happiness and blessedness�察�
and the ultimate end and aim of all human actions�察�it follows that he alone
lives by the Divine law who loves God not from fear of punishment�察�or
from love of any other object�察�such as sensual pleasure�察�fame�察�or the like�察�
but solely because he has knowledge of God�察 �or is convinced that the
knowledge and love of God is the highest good。 ��34�� The sum and chief
precept�察�then�察�of the Divine law is to love God as the highest good�察�namely�察�
as we have said�察�not from fear of any pains and penalties�察�or from the love
of any other object in which we desire to take pleasure。 ��35�� The idea of
God lays down the rule that God is our highest good ´ in other words�察�that
the knowledge and love of God is the ultimate aim to which all our actions
should be directed。 ��36�� The worldling cannot understand these things�察�
they appear foolishness to him。 because he has too meager a knowledge of
God�察�and also because in this highest good he can discover nothing which
he can handle or eat�察 �or which affects the fleshly appetites wherein he
chiefly delights�察�for it consists solely in thought and the pure reason。 ��37��
They�察�on the other hand�察�who know that they possess no greater gift than
intellect and sound reason�察�will doubtless accept what I hav
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