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��91�� The passages which they think teach most clearly this eternal
election�察�are chiefly�此。�1。�� Jer。 xxxi��36�察�where the prophet testifies that the
seed of Israel shall for ever remain the nation of God�察 �comparing them
with the stability of the heavens and nature�察�
��2。�� Ezek。 xx��32�察 �where the prophet seems to intend that though the
Jews wanted after the help afforded them to turn their backs on the
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worship of the Lord�察 �that God would nevertheless gather them together
again from all the lands in which they were dispersed�察�and lead them to the
wilderness of the peoples ´ as He had led their fathers to the wilderness of
the land of Egypt ´ and would at length�察 �after purging out from among
them the rebels and transgressors�察�bring them thence to his Holy mountain�察�
where the whole house of Israel should worship Him。 Other passages are
also cited�察�especially by the Pharisees�察�but I think I shall satisfy everyone
if I answer these two�察�and this I shall easily accomplish after showing from
Scripture itself that God chose not the Hebrews for ever�察�but only on the
condition under which He had formerly chosen the Canaanites�察�for these
last�察�as we have shown�察�had priests who religiously worshipped God�察�and
whom God at length rejected because of their luxury�察 �pride�察�and corrupt
worship。
��92�� Moses ��Lev。 xviii��27�� warned the Israelites that they be not
polluted with whoredoms�察�lest the land spue them out as it had spued out
the nations who had dwelt there before�察 �and in Deut。 viii��19�察 �20�察 �in the
plainest terms He threatens their total ruin�察�for He says�察 �I testify against
you that ye shall surely perish。 ��93�� As the nations which the Lord
destroyeth before your face�察�so shall ye perish。; In like manner many other
passages are found in the law which expressly show that God chose the
Hebrews neither absolutely nor for ever。 ��94�� If�察�then�察�the prophets foretold
for them a new covenant of the knowledge of God�察�love�察�and grace�察�such a
promise is easily proved to be only made to the elect�察�for Ezekiel in the
chapter which we have just quoted expressly says that God will separate
from them the rebellious and transgressors�察 �and Zephaniah ��iii��12�察 �13���察�
says that ;God will take away the proud from the midst of them�察�and leave
the poor。; ��95�� Now�察�inasmuch as their election has regard to true virtue�察�it
is not to be thought that it was promised to the Jews alone to the exclusion
of others�察�but we must evidently believe that the true Gentile prophets ��and
every nation�察�as we have shown�察�possessed such�� promised the same to the
faithful of their own people�察�who were thereby comforted。 ��96�� Wherefore
this eternal covenant of the knowledge of God and love is universal�察�as is
clear�察�moreover�察�from Zeph。 iii��10�察�11 �此�no difference in this respect can be
admitted between Jew and Gentile�察�nor did the former enjoy any special
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election beyond that which we have pointed out。
��97�� When the prophets�察 �in speaking of this election which regards
only true virtue�察 �mixed up much concerning sacrifices and ceremonies�察�
and the rebuilding of the temple and city�察�they wished by such figurative
expressions�察�after the manner and nature of prophecy�察�to expound matters
spiritual�察�so as at the same time to show to the Jews�察�whose prophets they
were�察 �the true restoration of the state and of the temple to be expected
about the time of Cyrus。
��98�� At the present time�察�therefore�察�there is absolutely nothing which
the Jews can arrogate to themselves beyond other people。
��99�� As to their continuance so long after dispersion and the loss of
empire�察�there is nothing marvellous in it�察�for they so separated themselves
from every other nation as to draw down upon themselves universal hate�察�
not only by their outward rites�察�rites conflicting with those of other nations�察�
but also by the sign of circumcision which they most scrupulously
observe。
��100�� That they have been preserved in great measure by Gentile
hatred�察�experience demonstrates。 ��101�� When the king of Spain formerly
compelled the Jews to embrace the State religion or to go into exile�察 �a
large number of Jews accepted Catholicism。 ��102�� Now�察 �as these
renegades were admitted to all the native privileges of Spaniards�察 �and
deemed worthy of filling all honourable offices�察�it came to pass that they
straightway became so intermingled with the Spaniards as to leave of
themselves no relic or remembrance。 ��103�� But exactly the opposite
happened to those whom the king of Portugal compelled to become
Christians�察 �for they always�察 �though converted�察 �lived apart�察 �inasmuch as
they were considered unworthy of any civic honours。
��104�� The sign of circumcision is�察�as I think�察�so important�察�that I could
persuade myself that it alone would preserve the nation for ever。 ��105��
Nay�察�I would go so far as to believe that if the foundations of their religion
have not emasculated their minds they may even�察 �if occasion offers�察 �so
changeable are human affairs�察�raise up their empire afresh�察�and that God
may a second time elect them。
��106�� Of such a possibility we have a very famous example in the
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Chinese。 ��107�� They�察�too�察�have some distinctive mark on their heads which
they most scrupulously observe�察�and by which they keep themselves apart
from everyone else�察 �and have thus kept themselves during so many
thousand years that they far surpass all other nations in antiquity。 ��108��
They have not always retained empire�察 �but they have recovered it when
lost�察�and doubtless will do so again after the spirit of the Tartars becomes
relaxed through the luxury of riches and pride。
��109�� Lastly�察�if any one wishes to maintain that the Jews�察�from this or
from any other cause�察 �have been chosen by God for ever�察 �I will not
gainsay him if he will admit that this choice�察�whether temporary or eternal�察�
has no regard�察�in so far as it is peculiar to the Jews�察�to aught but dominion
and physical advantages ��for by such alone can one nation be
distinguished from another���察�whereas in regard to intellect and true virtue�察�
every nation is on a par with the rest�察�and God has not in these respects
chosen one people rather than another。
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CHAPTER IV。 ´ OF THE DIVINE
LAW。
��1�� The word law�察 �taken in the abstract�察 �means that by which an
individual�察�or all things�察�or as many things as belong to a particular species�察�
act in one and the same fixed and definite manner�察�which manner depends
either on natural necessity or on human decree。 ��2�� A law which depends
on natural necessity is one which necessarily follows from the nature�察�or
from the definition of the thing in question�察 �a law which depends on
human decree�察 �and which is more correctly called an ordinance�察 �is one
which men have laid down for themselves and others in order to live more
safely or conveniently�察�or from some similar reason。
��3�� For example�察 �the law that all bodies impinging on lesser bodies�察�
lose as much of their own motion as they communicate to the latter is a
universal law of all bodies�察�and depends on natural necessity。 ��4�� So�察�too�察�
the law that a man in remembering one thing�察 �straightway remembers
another either like it�察�or which he had perceived simultaneously with it�察�is
a law which necessarily follows from the nature of man。 ��5�� But the law
that men must yield�察�or be compelled to yield�察�somewhat of their natural
right�察�and that they bind themselves to live in a certain way�察�depends on
human
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