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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及13何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
by the guidance of God�察 �by the help of God�察 �external and inward�察 �and�察�
lastly�察�what I understand by fortune。
��13�� By the help of God�察�I mean the fixed and unchangeable order of
nature or the chain of natural events�此 �for I have said before and shown
elsewhere that the universal laws of nature�察�according to which all things
exist and are determined�察�are only another name for the eternal decrees of
God�察�which always involve eternal truth and necessity。
��14�� So that to say that everything happens according to natural laws�察�
and to say that everything is ordained by the decree and ordinance of God�察�
is the same thing。 ��15�� Now since the power in nature is identical with the
power of God�察 �by which alone all things happen and are determined�察 �it
follows that whatsoever man�察�as a part of nature�察�provides himself with to
aid and preserve his existence�察�or whatsoever nature affords him without
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his help�察�is given to him solely by the Divine power�察�acting either through
human nature or through external circumstance。 ��16�� So whatever human
nature can furnish itself with by its own efforts to preserve its existence�察�
may be fitly called the inward aid of God�察�whereas whatever else accrues
to man's profit from outward causes may be called the external aid of God。
��17�� We can now easily understand what is meant by the election of
God。 ��18�� For since no one can do anything save by the predetermined
order of nature�察�that is by God's eternal ordinance and decree�察�it follows
that no one can choose a plan of life for himself�察�or accomplish any work
save by God's vocation choosing him for the work or the plan of life in
question�察 �rather than any other。 ��19�� Lastly�察 �by fortune�察 �I mean the
ordinance of God in so far as it directs human life through external and
unexpected means。 ��20�� With these preliminaries I return to my purpose of
discovering the reason why the Hebrews were said to be elected by God
before other nations�察�and with the demonstration I thus proceed。
��21�� All objects of legitimate desire fall�察�generally speaking�察�under one
of these three categories�此�
1。 The knowledge of things through their primary causes。 2。
The government of the passions�察 �or the acquirement of the habit of
virtue。 3。 Secure and healthy life。
��22�� The means which most directly conduce towards the first two of
these ends�察 �and which may be considered their proximate and efficient
causes are contained in human nature itself�察�so that their acquisition hinges
only on our own power�察�and on the laws of human nature。 ��23�� It may be
concluded that these gifts are not peculiar to any nation�察�but have always
been shared by the whole human race�察�unless�察�indeed�察�we would indulge
the dream that nature formerly created men of different kinds。 ��24�� But the
means which conduce to security and health are chiefly in external
circumstance�察 �and are called the gifts of fortune because they depend
chiefly on objective causes of which we are ignorant�察�for a fool may be
almost as liable to happiness or unhappiness as a wise man。 ��25��
Nevertheless�察 �human management and watchfulness can greatly assist
towards living in security and warding off the injuries of our fellow´men�察�
and even of beasts。 ��26�� Reason and experience show no more certain
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means of attaining this object than the formation of a society with fixed
laws�察 �the occupation of a strip of territory and the concentration of all
forces�察 �as it were�察 �into one body�察 �that is the social body。 ��27�� Now for
forming and preserving a society�察�no ordinary ability and care is required�此�
that society will be most secure�察�most stable�察�and least liable to reverses�察�
which is founded and directed by far´seeing and careful men�察�while�察�on the
other hand�察�a society constituted by men without trained skill�察�depends in a
great measure on fortune�察�and is less constant。 ��28�� If�察�in spite of all�察�such
a society lasts a long time�察�it is owing to some other directing influence
than its own�察 �if it overcomes great perils and its affairs prosper�察 �it will
perforce marvel at and adore the guiding Spirit of God ��in so far�察�that is�察�as
God works through hidden means�察�and not through the nature and mind of
man���察 �for everything happens to it unexpectedly and contrary to
anticipation�察 �it may even be said and thought to be by miracle。 ��29��
Nations�察�then�察�are distinguished from one another in respect to the social
organization and the laws under which they live and are governed�察 �the
Hebrew nation was not chosen by God in respect to its wisdom nor its
tranquillity of mind�察�but in respect to its social organization and the good
fortune with which it obtained supremacy and kept it so many years。 ��30��
This is abundantly clear from Scripture。 Even a cursory perusal will show
us that the only respects in which the Hebrews surpassed other nations�察�are
in their successful conduct of matters relating to government�察�and in their
surmounting great perils solely by God's external aid�察�in other ways they
were on a par with their fellows�察�and God was equally gracious to all。 ��31��
For in respect to intellect ��as we have shown in the last chapter�� they held
very ordinary ideas about God and nature�察�so that they cannot have been
God's chosen in this respect�察�nor were they so chosen in respect of virtue
and the true life�察�for here again they�察�with the exception of a very few elect�察�
were on an equality with other nations�此�therefore their choice and vocation
consisted only in the temporal happiness and advantages of independent
rule。 ��32�� In fact�察�we do not see that God promised anything beyond this to
the patriarchs ��Endnote 4�А�or their successors�察�in the law no other reward
is offered for obedience than the continual happiness of an independent
commonwealth and other goods of this life�察 �while�察 �on the other hand�察�
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against contumacy and the breaking of the covenant is threatened the
downfall of the commonwealth and great hardships。 ��33�� Nor is this to be
wondered at�察�for the ends of every social organization and commonwealth
are ��as appears from what we have said�察�and as we will explain more at
length hereafter�� security and comfort�察�a commonwealth can only exist by
the laws being binding on all。 ��34�� If all the members of a state wish to
disregard the law�察�by that very fact they dissolve the state and destroy the
commonwealth。 ��35�� Thus�察 �the only reward which could be promised to
the Hebrews for continued obedience to the law was security ��Endnote 5�А�
and its attendant advantages�察 �while no surer punishment could be
threatened for disobedience�察�than the ruin of the state and the evils which
generally follow therefrom�察 �in addition to such further consequences as
might accrue to the Jews in particular from the ruin of their especial state。
��36�� But there is no need here to go into this point at more length。 ��37�� I
will only add that the laws of the Old Testament were revealed and
ordained to the Jews only�察�for as God chose them in respect to the special
constitution of their society and government�察 �they must�察 �of course�察 �have
had special laws。 ��38�� Whether God ordained special laws for other
nations also�察�and revealed Himself to their lawgivers prophetically�察�that is�察�
under the attributes by which the latter were accustomed to imagine Him�察�I
cannot sufficiently determine。 ��39�� It is evident from Scripture itself that
other nations acquired supremacy and particular laws by the external aid
of God�察�witness only the two following passages�此�
��40�� In Genesis xiv��18�察�19�察�20�察�it is related that Melchisedek was king
of Jerusalem and priest of the Most High God�察 �that in exercise of his
priestly functions he blessed Abraham�察�and that Abraham the beloved of
the Lord gave to this priest of God a tithe of
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