the history of the telephone-第24部分

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the　cotton　of　the　South　and　sell　so　much　of　their　product　to　the　Middle　West。　To　the　companies　that　sell　perishable　commodities；　an　instantaneous　conversation　with　a　buyer　in　a　distant　city　has　often　saved　a　carload　or　a　cargo。　Such　caterers　as　the　meat…packers；　who　were　among　the　first　to　realize　what　Bell　had　made　possible；　have　greatly　accelerated　the　wheels　of　their　business　by　inter…city　conversations。　For　ten　years　or　longer　the　Cudahys　have　talked　every　business　morning　between　Omaha　and　Boston；　via　fifteen　hundred　and　seventy　miles　of　wire。

In　the　refining　of　oil；　the　Standard　Oil　Company　alone；　at　its　New　York　office；　sends　two　hundred　and　thirty　thousand　messages　a　year。　In　the　making　of　steel；　a　chemical　analysis　is　made　of　each　caldron　of　molten　pig…iron；　when　it　starts　on　its　way　to　be　refined；　and　this　analysis　is　sent　by　telephone　to　the　steelmaker；　so　that　he　will　know　exactly　how　each　potful　is　to　be　handled。　In　the　floating　of　logs　down　rivers；　instead　of　having　relays　of　shouters　to　prevent　the　logs　from　jamming；　there　is　now　a　wire　along　the　bank；　with　a　telephone　linked　on　at　every　point　of　danger。　In　the　rearing　of　skyscrapers；　it　is　now　usual　to　have　a　temporary　wire　strung　vertically；　so　that　the　architect　may　stand　on　the　ground　and　confer　with　a　foreman　who　sits　astride　of　a　naked　girder　three　hundred　feet　up　in　the　air。　And　in　the　electric　light　business；　the　current　is　distributed　wholly　by　telephoned　orders。　To　give　New　York　the　seven　million　electric　lights　that　have　abolished　night　in　that　city　requires　twelve　private　exchanges　and　five　hundred　and　twelve　telephones。　All　the　power　that　creates　this　artificial　daylight　is　generated　at　a　single　station；　and　let　flow　to　twenty…five　storage　centres。　Minute　by　minute；　its　flow　is　guided　by　an　expert；　who　sits　at　a　telephone　exchange　as　though　he　were　a　pilot　at　the　wheel　of　an　ocean　liner。

The　first　steamship　line　to　take　notice　of　the　telephone　was　the　Clyde；　which　had　a　wire　from　dock　to　office　in　1877；　and　the　first　railway　was　the　Pennsylvania；　which　two　years　later　was　persuaded　by　Professor　Bell　himself　to　give　it　a　trial　in　Altoona。　Since　then；　this　railroad　has　become　the　chief　beneficiary　of　the　art　of　telephony。　It　has　one　hundred　and　seventy…five　exchanges；　four　hundred　operators；　thirteen　thousand　telephones；　and　twenty　thousand　miles　of　wirea　more　ample　system　than　the　city　of　New　York　had　in　1896。

To…day　the　telephone　goes　to　sea　in　the　pas…　senger　steamer　and　the　warship。　Its　wires　are　waiting　at　the　dock　and　the　depot；　so　that　a　tourist　may　sit　in　his　stateroom　and　talk　with　a　friend　in　some　distant　office。　It　is　one　of　the　most　incredible　miracles　of　telephony　that　a　passenger　at　New　York；　who　is　about　to　start　for　Chicago　on　a　fast　express；　may　telephone　to　Chicago　from　the　drawing…room　of　a　Pullman。　He　himself；　on　the　swiftest　of　all　trains；　will　not　arrive　in　Chicago　for　eighteen　hours；　but　the　flying　words　can　make　the　journey；　and　RETURN；　while　his　train　is　waiting　for　the　signal　to　start。

In　the　operation　of　trains；　the　railroads　have　waited　thirty　years　before　they　dared　to　trust　the　telephone；　just　as　they　waited　fifteen　years　before　they　dared　to　trust　the　telegraph。　In　1883　a　few　railways　used　the　telephone　in　a　small　way；　but　in　1907；　when　a　law　was　passed　that　made　telegraphers　highly　expensive；　there　was　a　general　swing　to　the　telephone。　Several　dozen　roads　have　now　put　it　in　use；　some　employing　it　as　an　associate　of　the　Morse　method　and　others　as　a　complete　substitute。　It　has　already　been　found　to　be　the　quickest　way　of　despatching　trains。　It　will　do　in　five　minutes　what　the　telegraph　did　in　ten。　And　it　has　enabled　railroads　to　hire　more　suitable　men　for　the　smaller　offices。

In　news…gathering；　too；　much　more　than　in　railroading；　the　day　of　the　telephone　has　arrived。　The　Boston　Globe　was　the　first　paper　to　receive　news　by　telephone。　Later　came　The　Washington　Star；　which　had　a　wire　strung　to　the　Capitol；　and　thereby　gained　an　hour　over　its　competitors。　To…day　the　evening　papers　receive　most　of　their　news　over　the　wire　a　la　Bell　instead　of　a　la　Morse。　This　has　resulted　in　a　specialization　of　reporters　one　man　runs　for　the　news　and　another　man　writes　it。　Some　of　the　runners　never　come　to　the　office。　They　receive　their　assignments　by　telephone；　and　their　salaries　by　mail。　There　are　even　a　few　who　are　allowed　to　telephone　their　news　directly　to　a　swift　linotype　operator；　who　clicks　it　into　type　on　his　machine；　without　the　scratch　of　a　pencil。　This；　of　course；　is　the　ideal　method　of　news…gathering；　which　is　rarely　possible。

A　paper　of　the　first　class；　such　as　The　New　York　World；　has　now　an　outfit　of　twenty　trunk　lines　and　eighty　telephones。　Its　outgoing　calls　are　two　hundred　thousand　a　year　and　its　incoming　calls　three　hundred　thousand；　which　means　that　for　every　morning；　evening；　or　Sunday　edition；　there　has　been　an　average　of　seven　hundred　and　fifty　messages。　The　ordinary　newspaper　in　a　small　town　cannot　afford　such　a　service；　but　recently　the　United　Press　has　originated　a　cooperative　method。　It　telephones　the　news　over　one　wire　to　ten　or　twelve　newspapers　at　one　time。　In　ten　minutes　a　thousand　words　can　in　this　way　be　flung　out　to　a　dozen　towns；　as　quickly　as　by　telegraph　and　much　cheaper。

But　it　is　in　a　dangerous　crisis；　when　safety　seems　to　hang　upon　a　second；　that　the　telephone　is　at　its　best。　It　is　the　instrument　of　emergencies；　a　sort　of　ubiquitous　watchman。　When　the　girl　operator　in　the　exchange　hears　a　cry　for　help〃Quick！　The　hospital！〃　〃The　fire　department！〃　〃The　police！〃　she　seldom　waits　to　hear　the　number。　She　knows　it。　She　is　trained　to　save　half…seconds。　And　it　is　at　such　moments；　if　ever；　that　the　users　of　a　telephone　can　appreciate　its　insurance　value。　No　doubt；　if　a　King　Richard　III　were　worsted　on　a　modern　battlefield；　his　instinctive　cry　would　be；　〃My　Kingdom　for　a　telephone！〃

When　instant　action　is　needed　in　the　city　of　New　York；　a　General　Alarm　can　in　five　minutes　be　sent　by　the　police　wires　over　its　whole　vast　area　of　three　hundred　square　miles。　When；　recently；　a　gas　main　broke　in　Brooklyn；　sixty　girls　were　at　once　called　to　the　centrals　in　that　part　of　the　city　to　warn　the　ten　thousand　families　who　had　been　placed　in　danger。　When　the　ill…fated　General　Slocum　caught　fire；　a　mechanic　in　a　factory　on　the　water…front　saw　the　blaze；　and　had　the　presence　of　mind　to　telephone　the　newspapers；　the　hospitals；　and　the　police。　When　a　small　child　is　lost；　or　a　convict　has　escaped　from　prison；　or　the　forest　is　on　fire；　or　some　menace　from　the　weather　is　at　hand；　the　telephone　bells　clang　out　the　news；　just　as　the　nerves　jangle　the　bells　of　pain　when　the　body　is　in　danger。　In　one　tragic　case；　the　operator　in　Folsom；　New　Mexico；　refused　to　quit　her　post　until　she　had　warned　her　people　of　a　flood　that　had　broken　loose　in　the　hills　above　the　village。　Because　of　her　courage；　nearly　all　were　saved；　though　she　herself　was　drowned　at　the　switchboard。　Her　nameMrs。　S。　J。　Rookedeserves　to　be　remembered。

If　a　disaster　cannot　be　prevented；　it　is　the　telephone；　usually；　that　brings　first　aid　to　the　injured。　After　the　destruction　of　San　Francisco；　Governor　Guild；　of　Massachusetts；　sent　an　appeal　for　the　stricken　city　to　the　three　hundred　and　fifty…four　mayors　of　his　State；　and　by　the　courtesy　of　the　Bell　Company；　which　carried　the　messages　free；　they　were　delivered　to　the　last　and　furthermost　mayors　in　less　than　five　hours。　After　the　destruction　of　Messina；　an　order　for　enough　lumber　to　build　ten　thousand　new　houses　was　cabled　to　New　York　and　telephoned　to　Western　lumbermen。　So　quickly　was　this　order　filled　that　on　the　twelfth　day　after　the　arrival　of　the　cablegram；　the　ships　were　on　their　way　to　Messina　with　the　lumber。　After　the　Kansas　City　flood　of　1903；　when　the　drenched　city　was　without　railways　or　street…cars　or　electric　lights；　it　was　the　telephone　that　held　the　city　together　and　brought　help　to　the　danger…spots。　And　after　the　Baltimore　fire；　the　telephone　exchange　was　the　last　force　to　quit　and　the　first　to　recover。　Its　girls　sat　on　their　stools　at　the　switchboard　until　the　window…panes　were　broken　by　the　heat。　Then　they　pulled　the　covers　over　the　board　and　walked　out。　Two　hours　later　the　building　was　in　ashes。　Three　hours　later　another　building　was　rented　on　the　unburned　rim　of　the　city；　and　the　wire　chiefs　were　at　work。　In　one　day　there　was　a　system　of　wires　for　the　use　of　the　city　officials。　In　two　days　these　were　linked　to　long…　distance　wires；　and　in　eleven　days　a　two…thousand…　line　switchboard　was　in　full　working　trim。　This　feat　still　stands　as　the　record　in　rebuilding。

In　the　supreme　emergency　of　war；　the　telephone　is　as　indispensable；　very　nearly；　as　the　cannon。　This；　at　least；　is　the　belief　of　the　Japanese；　who　handled　their　armies　by　telephone　when　they　drove　back　the　Russians。　Each　body　of　Japanese　troops　moved　forward　like　a　silkworm；　leaving　behind　it　a　glistening　strand　of　red　copper　wire。　At　the　decisive　battle　of　Mukden；　the　silk…worm　army；　with　a　million　legs；　crept　against　the　Russian　hosts　in　a　vast　crescent；　a　hundred　miles　from　end　to　end。　By　means　of　this　glistening　red　wire；　the　various　batteries　and　regiments　were　organized　into　fifteen　divisions。　Each　group　of　three　divisions　was　wi