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響慕片 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

stories to tell to children(隅湧絞並)-及2何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��


desirable to give them a happy lead。 Often at the funniest point you will 

see some small listener in an agony of endeavor to cloak the mirth which 

hepoor mite fears to be indecorous。 Let him see that it is ;the thing; to 

laugh�察�and that everybody is going to。 

     Having   so   stimulated   the   appreciation   of   the   humorous   climax�察  �it   is 

important      to   give   your    hearers    time   for  the   full  savor    of  the   jest  to 

permeate their consciousness。 It is really robbing an audience of its rights�察�

to pass so quickly from one point to another that the mind must lose a new 

one if it lingers to take in the old。 Every vital point in a tale must be given 

a certain amount of time�此�by an anticipatory pause�察�by some form of vocal 

or repetitive emphasis�察�and by actual time。 But even more than other tales 

does the funny story demand this。 It cannot be funny without it。 

     Every   one   who   is   familiar   with   the   theatre   must   have   noticed   how 

careful all comedians are to give this pause for appreciation and laughter。 

Often the   opportunity  is   crudely  given�察�or   too liberally  offered�察  �and that 

offends。 But in a reasonable degree the practice is undoubtedly necessary 

to any form of humorous expression。 

     A remarkably good example of the type of humorous story to which 

these principles of method apply�察�is the story of ;Epaminondas。; It will be 

plain   to   any   reader   that   all   the   several   funny   crises   are   of   the   perfectly 

unmistakable sort children like�察�and that�察�moreover�察�these funny spots are 

not only easy to see�察�they are easy to foresee。 The teller can hardly help 

sharing the joke in advance�察�and the tale is an excellent one with which to 

practice for power in the points mentioned。 

     Epaminondas is a valuable little rascal from other points of view�察�and I 

mean to return to him�察�to point a moral。 But just here I want space for a 

word   or   two   about   the   matter   of   variety   of   subject   and   style   in   school 

stories。 

     There     are   two    wholly     different   kinds    of   story   which     are  equally 



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necessary for children�察�I believe�察�and which ought to be given in about the 

proportion of one to three�察�in favor of the second kind�察�I make the ratio 

uneven because the first kind is more dominating in its effect。 

     The   first   kind   is   represented   by   such   stories   as   the   ;Pig   Brother�察─�

which      has   now    grown      so  familiar     to  teachers    that   it  will   serve   for 

illustration      without     repetition     here。   It   is  the   type    of    story   which 

specifically  teaches   a   certain   ethical   or   conduct   lesson�察  �in   the   form  of   a 

fable    or   an   allegory��it    passes    on   to  the  child    the  conclusions      as   to 

conduct and character�察�to which the race has�察�in general�察�attained through 

centuries of experience and moralizing。 The story becomes a part of   the 

outfit   of   received   ideas   on   manners   and   morals   which   is   an   inescapable 

and necessary possession of the heir of civilization。 

     Children   do   not   object   to   these   stories   in   the   least�察  �if   the   stories   are 

good     ones。    They    accept    them    with    the   relish   which    nature    seems     to 

maintain for all truly nourishing material。 And the little tales are one of the 

media through which we elders may transmit some very slight share of the 

benefit received by us�察�in turn�察�from actual or transmitted experience。 

     The second kind has no preconceived moral to offer�察�makes no attempt 

to affect judgment or to pass on a standard。 It simply presents a picture of 

life�察�usually in fable or poetic image�察�and says to the hearer�察 �These things 

are。; The hearer�察�then�察�consciously or otherwise�察�passes judgment on the 

facts。 His mind says�察 �These things are good�察─�or�察 �This was good�察�and that�察�

bad�察─�or�察 �This thing is desirable�察─�or the contrary。 

     The story of ;The Little Jackal and the Alligator; is a good illustration 

of   this   type。   It   is   a   character´story。   In   the   naive   form   of   a   folk   tale�察  �it 

doubtless embodies the observations of a seeing eye�察�in a country and time 

when the little jackal and the great alligator were even more vivid images 

of certain human   characters than they  now are。 Again   and again�察  �surely�察�

the author or authors of the tales must have seen the weak�察�small�察�clever 

being triumph over the bulky�察�well´accoutred�察�stupid adversary。 Again and 

again they had laughed at the discomfiture of the latter�察�perhaps rejoicing 

in   it  the   more    because     it  removed      fear  from    their   own    houses。     And 

probably never had they concerned themselves particularly with the basic 

ethics of the struggle。 It was simply one of the things they saw。 It was life。 



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So they made a picture of it。 

     The   folk   tale   so  made�察  �and   of   such    character�察  �comes   to   the    child 

somewhat as an unprejudiced newspaper account of to´ day's happenings 

comes to us。 It pleads no cause�察�except through its contents�察�it exercises no 

intentioned influence on our moral judgment�察�it is there�察�as life is there�察�to 

be   seen   and   judged。   And   only   through   such   seeing   and   judging   can   the 

individual perception attain to anything of power or originality。 Just as a 

certain amount of received ideas is necessary to sane development�察�so is a 

definite opportunity for first´hand judgments essential to power。 

     In this epoch of well´trained minds we run some risk of an inundation 

of accepted ethics。 The mind which can make independent judgments�察�can 

look at new facts with fresh vision�察�and reach conclusions with simplicity�察�

is   the   perennial   power   in   the   world。   And   this   is   the   mind   we   are   not 

noticeably successful in developing�察�in our system of schooling。 Let us at 

least    have    its  needs     before    our   consciousness�察      �in  our    attempts    to 

supplement the regular studies of school by such side´activities as story´ 

telling。 Let us give the children a fair proportion of stories which stimulate 

independent moral and practical decisions。 

     And now  for a  brief  return to   our  little black  friend。  ;Epaminondas; 

belongs to a very large�察�very ancient type of funny story�此�the tale in which 

the jest depends wholly on an abnormal degree of stupidity on the part of 

the   hero。   Every   race   which   produces   stories   seems   to   have   found   this 

theme a natural outlet for its childlike laughter。 The stupidity of Lazy Jack�察�

of Big Claus�察�of the Good Man�察�of Clever Alice�察�all have their counterparts 

in the folly of the small Epaminondas。 

     Evidently�察�such stories have served a purpose in the education of the 

race。 While the exaggeration of familiar attributes easily awakens mirth in 

a   simple   mind�察  �it   does   more�此  �it teaches   practical   lessons   of   wisdom  and 

discretion。 And possibly the lesson was the original cause of the story。 

     Not long ago�察�I happened upon an instance of the teaching power of 

these nonsense tales�察�so amusing and convincing that I cannot forbear to 

share it。 A primary teacher who heard me tell ;Epaminondas; one evening�察�

told it to her pupils the next morning�察�with great effect。 A young teacher 

who was observing in the room at the time told me what befell。 She said 



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the   children   laughed   very   heartily   over   the   story�察  �and   evidently   liked   it 

much。 About an hour later�察�one of them was sent to the board to do a little 

problem。 It happened that the child made an excessively foolish mistake�察�

and did not notice it。 As he glanced at the teacher for the familiar smile of 

encouragement�察  �she   simply   raised   her   hands�察  �and   ejaculated   ;`For   the 

law's sake��'; 

     It was sufficient。 The child took the cue instantly。 He looked hastily at 

his    work�察   �broke    into   an   irrepressible    giggle�察   �rubbed     the  figures    out�察�

without   a   word�察  �and   began   again。   And   the   whole   class   entered   into   the 

joke with the gusto of fellow´fools�察�for once wise。 

     It is safe to assume that the child in question will make fewer needless 

mistakes      for   a  long   time   because     of   the  wholesome       reminder      of  his 

likeness with one who ;ain't got the sense he was born with。; And what 

occurred so visibly
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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