vill2-第35部分

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mesday　of　St。　Paul's　（Camden　Series）；　23。

112。　Reg。　Cellararii　Mon。　Bury　St　Edmund's；　Cambridge　Univ。；　Gg。　iv。　4。　f。　52；　b：　'（Curia　7　Edw。　II）。。。　dicunt　quod　quidam　Robertus　Heth　pater　dictorum　R。　W。　et　J。　tenuit　de　conventu　per　virgam　in　villa　de　Berton　magna。。。　Et　quia　dedixerunt　cepisse　dictam　terram　per　virgam　ideo　potest　seisiri　dicta　terra　in　manum　domini。'　Registr。　album　vestiarii　abbatiae　S。　Edmundi；　Cambridge　Univ。；　Ee。　iii。　60；　f　188；　b：　'Tenentes　de　mollond。。。　tenent　per　virgam　in　curia。'　Eynsham　Cartulary；　Christ　Church　MSS。；　No。　97：　'Ricardus　W。　tenet　unum　cotagium　et　duas　acras　terrae　campestres　per　rotulum　curie　pro　3　sol。'　Cf　12；　a。

113。　Note…book　of　Bracton；　pl。　1237。

114。　Ely　Register；　Cotton；　Claudius；　C。　xi。　f　iii。　b：　'Habebit　duas　pugillatas　avene　ex　gratia；　ut　juratores　dicunt；　per　longum　tempus　usitata。'

115。　Warwickshire　Roll。　Exch。　Q。R。　No。　29；　f。　94；　b：　'Servus。。。。　cum　fecerit　exennium。。。。　comedet　cum　domino。'

116。　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；　Cartulary；　Add。　MSS。　6159；　f　22；　b。　Cf　Gloucester　Cartulary　（Rolls　Series）；　iii。　203。

117。　Custumal　of　Battle　Abbey　（Camden　Ser。）；　30：　'Et　debet　herciare　per　duos　dies。。。。　pretium　operis　iiij。　d。　Et　recipiet　de　domino　utroque　die　repastus　pretii　iij　d。　Et　sic　erit　dominus　perdens　j。d。　Et　sic　nichil　valet　illa　herciatio　ad　opus　domini。'

118。　Coram　Rege；　Pasch。；　14　Edw。　I；　Lege；　18：　'Villani　circulare　（sic）　non　consueverunt　nisi　ex　voluntate。'

119。　Glastonbury　Inqu。　（Roxburghe　Series）；　82：　'Sed　non　debet　carriare　nisi　dominus　prestaverit　suum　plaustrum。'

120。　Cotton　MSS。；　Claudius；　C。　xi；　f　30；　b：　'Sed　juratores　dicunt　quod　nunquam　hoc　fecerunt　nec　de　iure　facere　debent。'

121。　Rot。　Hundred。　ii。　758；　a：　'Servi。。。　nec　potest　filiam　maritare　nec　uxorem　ducere　sine　licencia　domini；　debet　et　salvo　contellemento　suo　talliari　et　ad　omnia　auxilia　communia　scottare　et　lottare　secundum　facultatem　suam；'　etc。

Chapter　6

Free　Peasantry

　　　　I　the　heading　of　this　chapter　may　not　be　misunderstood。　It　would　be　difficult　to　speak　of　free　peasantry　in　the　modern　sense　at　the　time　with　which　we　are　now　dealing。　Some　kind　or　form　of　dependence　often　clings　even　to　those　who　occupy　the　best　place　among　villagers　as　recognised　free　tenants；　and　in　most　cases　we　have　a　very　strong　infusion　of　subjection　in　the　life　of　otherwise　privileged　peasants。　But　if　we　keep　to　the　main　distinctions；　and　to　the　contrast　which　the　authorities　themselves　draw　between　the　component　elements　of　the　peasant　class；　its　great　bulk　will　arrange　itself　into　two　groups：　the　larger　one　will　consist　of　those　ordinarily　designated　as　villains；　a　smaller；　but　by　no　means　an　insignificant　or　scanty　one；　will　present　itself　as　free；　more　or　less　protected　by　law；　and　more　or　less　independent　of　the　bidding　of　the　lord　and　his　steward。　There　is　no　break　between　the　two　groups；　one　status　runs　continuously　into　the　other；　and　it　may　be　difficult　to　distinguish　between　the　intermediate　shades；　but　the　fundamental　difference　of　conception　is　clearly　noticeable　as　soon　as　we　come　to　look　at　the　whole；　and　it　is　not　only　noticeable　to　us　but　was　noticed　by　the　contemporary　documents。　　　　　In　very　many　cases　we　are　actually　enabled　to　see　how　freedom　and　legal　security　gradually　emerge　from　subjection。　One　of　the　great　movements　in　the　social　life　of　the　thirteenth　and　fourteenth　centuries　is　the　movement　towards　the　commutation　of　services　for　money　rents。　In　every　survey　we　find　a　certain　number　of　persons　who　now　pay　money；　whereas　they　used　to　do　work；　and　who　have　thus　emancipated　themselves　from　the　most　onerous　form　of　subjection。（1*）　In　the　older　documents　it　is　commonly　specified　that　the　lord　may　revert　to　the　old　system；　give　up　the　rents；　and　enforce　the　services。（2*）　In　later　documents　this　provision　disappears；　having　become　obsolete；　and　there　is　only　a　mention　of　certain　sums　of　money。　The　whole　process；　which　has　left　such　distinct　traces　in　the　authorities；　is　easily　explained　by　England's　economic　condition　at　that　time。　Two　important　factors　co…operated　to　give　the　country　an　exceptionally　privileged　position。　England　was　the　only　country　in　Europe　with　a　firmly　constituted　government。　The　Norman　Conquest　had　powerfully　worked　in　the　sense　of　social　feudalism；　but　it　had　arrested　the　disruptive　tendencies　of　political　feudalism。　The　opposition　between　the　two　races；　the　necessity　for　both　to　keep　together；　the　complexity　of　political　questions　which　arose　from　conquest　and　settlement　on　the　one　hand；　from　the　intercourse　with　Normandy　and　France　on　the　other；　　all　these　agencies　working　together　account　for　a　remarkable　intensity　of　action　on　the　part　of　the　centripetal　forces　of　society；　if　I　may　use　the　expression：　there　was　in　England　a　constant　tendency　towards　the　concentration　and　organisation　of　political　power　in　sharp　contrast　with　the　rest　of　Europe　where　the　state　had　fallen　a　prey　to　local　and　private　interests。　One　of　the　external　results　of　such　a　condition　was　the　growth　of　a　royal　power　supported　by　the　sympathy　of　the　lower　English…born　classes；　but　arranging　society　by　the　help　of　Norman　principles　of　fiscal　administration。　Not　less　momentous　was　the　formation　of　an　aristocracy　which　was　compelled　to　act　as　a　class　instead　of　acting　as　a　mere　collection　of　individuals　each　striving　for　his　own　particular　advantage；　as　a　class　it　had　to　reckon　with；　and　sometimes　represent；　the　interests　and　requirements　of　other　classes。　In　all　these　respects　England　was　much　ahead　of　Germany；　where　tribal　divisions　were　more　powerful　than　national　unity；　and　the　state　had　to　form　itself　on　feudal　foundations　in　opposition　to　a　cosmopolitan　Imperial　power；　it　was　not　less　in　advance　of　France；　where　the　work　of　unification；　egotistically　undertaken　by　the　king；　had　hardly　begun　to　get　the　upper　hand　in　its　conflict　with　local　dynasties；　not　less　in　advance　of　Italy；　so　well　situated　for　economic　progress；　but　politically　wrecked　by　its　unhappy　connexion　with　Germany；　the　anti…national　influence　of　the　Papacy；　and　the　one…sided　development　of　municipal　institutions。　By　reason　of　its　political　advantages　England　had　the　start　of　other　European　countries　by　a　whole　century　and　even　by　two　centuries。　The　'silver　streak'　acted　already　as　a　protection　against　foreign　inroads；　the　existence　of　a　central　power　insured　civil　order；　intercourse　between　the　different　parts　of　the　island　opened　outlets　to　trade；　and　reacted　favourably　on　the　exchange　of　commodities　and　the　circulation　of　money。　　　　　Another　set　of　causes　operated　in　close　alliance　with　these　political　influences。　The　position　of　England　in　relation　to　the　European　market　was　from　the　first　an　advantageous　one。　besides　the　natural　development　of　seafaring　pursuits　which　lead　to　international　trade；　and　always　tend　to　quicken　the　economic　progress；　there　were　two　special　reasons　to　account　for　a　speedy　movement　in　the　new　direction：　the　woollen　trade　with　Flanders　begins　to　rise　in　the　twelfth　century；　and　this　is　the　most　important　commercial　feature　in　the　life　of　North…Western　Europe；　then　again；　the　possession　of　Normandy　and　the　occupation　of　Aquitaine　and　other　provinces　of　France　by　the　English　opened　markets　and　roads　for　a　very　brisk　commercial　intercourse　with　the　Continent。　As　an　outcome　of　all　these　political　and　economical　conditions　we　find　the　England　of　the　thirteenth　century　undoubtedly　moving　from　natural　husbandry　to　the　money…system。　　　　　The　consequences　are　to　be　seen　on　every　side　in　the　arrangements　of　state　and　society。　The　means　of　government　were　modified　by　the　economic　change。　Hired　troops　took　the　place　of　feudal　levies；　kings　easily　renounced　the　military　service　of　their　tenants　and　took　scutages　which　give　them　the　means　of　keeping　submissive　and　well…drilled　soldiers。　The　same　process　took　place　all　through　the　country　on　the　land　of　secular　and　ecclesiastical　lords。　They　all　preferred　taking　money　which　is　so　readily　spent　and　so　easy　to　keep；　which　may　transform　itself　equally　well　into　gorgeous　pageants　and　into　capital　for　carrying　on　work；　instead　of　exacting　old…fashioned　unwieldly　ploughings　and　reapings　or　equally　clumsy　rents　in　kind。　　　　　On　the　other　hand；　the　peasants　were　equally　anxious　to　get　out　of　the　customary　system：　through　its　organisation　of　labour　it　involved　necessarily　many　annoyances；　petty　exactions　and　coercion；　it　involved　a　great　waste　of　time　and　energy。　The　landlord　gained　by　the　change；　because　he　received　an　economic　instrument　of　greater　efficiency；　the　peasant　gained　because　he　got　rid　of　personal　subjection　to　control；　both　gained；　for　a　whole　system　of　administration；　a　whole　class　of　administrators；　stewards；　bailiffs；　reeves；　a　whole　mass　of　cumbrous　accounts　and　archaic　procedure　became　unnecessary。　　　　　In　reality　the　peasantry　gained　much　more　than　the　lord。　Just　because　money　rents　displaced　the　ploughings　and　reapings　very　gradually；　they　assumed　the　most　important　characteristic　of　these　latter　　their　customary　uniformity；　tradition　kept　them　at　a　certain　level　which　it　was　very　difficult　to　disturb；　even　when　the　interests　of　the　lord　and　the　conditions　of　the　time　had　altered　a　great　deal。　Prices　fluctuate　and　rise　gradually；　the　buying　strength　of