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statesman-及1何蛍

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                                     360 BC

                                   STATESMAN

                                    by Plato

                         translated by Benjamin Jowett









STATESMAN

  PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE�此�THEODORUS�察�SOCRATES�察�THE ELEATIC 

STRANGER�察�THE YOUNGER SOCRATES



  Socrates。 I owe you many thanks�察�indeed�察�Theodorus�察�for the

acquaintance both of Theaetetus and of the Stranger。

  Theodorus。 And in a little while�察�Socrates�察�you will owe me three

times as many�察�when they have completed for you the 

delineation of the

Statesman and of the Philosopher�察�as well as of the Sophist。

  Soc。 Sophist�察�statesman�察�philosopher� �O my dear Theodorus�察�do my

ears truly witness that this is the estimate formed of them by the

great calculator and geometrician��

  Theod。 What do you mean�察�Socrates��

  Soc。 I mean that you rate them all at the same value�察�whereas they

are really separated by an interval�察�which no geometrical ratio can

express。

  Theod。 By Ammon�察�the god of Cyrene�察�Socrates�察�that is a very fair

hit�察�and shows that you have not forgotten your geometry。 I will

retaliate on you at some other time�察�but I must now ask the

Stranger�察�who will not�察�I hope�察�tire of his goodness to us�察�

to proceed

either with the Statesman or with the Philosopher�察�whichever he

prefers。

  Stranger。 That is my duty�察�Theodorus�察�having begun I must 

go on�察�and

not leave the work unfinished。 But what shall be done with 

Theaetetus��



  Theod。 In what respect��

  Str。 Shall we relieve him�察�and take his companion�察�the Young

Socrates�察�instead of him�拭�What do you advise��

  Theod。 Yes�察�give the other a turn�察�as you propose。 The young

always do better when they have intervals of rest。

  Soc。 I think�察�Stranger�察�that both of them may be said to be in

some way related to me�察�for the one�察�as you affirm�察�has the cut of

my ugly face�察�the other is called by my name。 And we should always

be on the look´out to recognize a kinsman by the style of his

conversation。 I myself was discoursing with Theaetetus yesterday��

and I have just been listening to his answers�察�my namesake I have

not yet examined�察�but I must。 Another time will�察�do for me�察�

to´day let

him answer you。

  Str。 Very good。 Young Socrates�察�do you hear what the elder

Socrates is proposing��

  Young Socrates。 I do。

  Str。 And do you agree to his proposal��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 As you do not object�察�still less can I。 After the Sophist��

then�察�I think that the Statesman naturally follows next in the order

of enquiry。 And please to say�察�whether he�察�too�察�should be 

ranked among

those who have science。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 Then the sciences must be divided as before��

  Y。 Soc。 I dare say。

  Str。 But yet the division will not be the same��

  Y。 Soc。 How then��

  Str。 They will be divided at some other point。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 Where shall we discover the path of the Statesman�拭�We 

must find

and separate off�察�and set our seal upon this�察�and we will 

set the mark

of another class upon all diverging paths。 Thus the soul 

will conceive

of ail kinds of knowledge under two classes。

  Y。 Soc。 To find the path is your business�察�Stranger�察�and not mine。

  Str。 Yes�察�Socrates�察�but the discovery�察�when once made�察�

must be yours

as well as mine。

  Y。 Soc。 Very good。

  Str。 Well�察�and are not arithmetic and certain other kindred arts��

merely abstract knowledge�察�wholly separated from action��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 But in the art of carpentering and all other handicrafts�察�the

knowledge of the workman is merged in his work�察�he not only 

knows�察�but

he also makes things which previously did not exist。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 Then let us divide sciences in general into those which are

practical and those which are´purely intellectual。

  Y。 Soc。 Let us assume these two divisions of science�察�which is one

whole。

  Str。 And are ;statesman�察─ �king�察─ �master�察─�or ;householder�察─�one

and the same�察�or is there a science or art answering to each of

these names�拭�Or rather�察�allow me to put the matter in another way。

  Y。 Soc。 Let me hear。

  Str。 If any one who is in a private station has the skill to

advise one of the public physicians�察�must not he also be called a

physician��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 And if any one who is in a private station is able to advise

the ruler of a country�察�may not he be said to have the 

knowledge which

the ruler himself ought to have��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 But�察�surely the science of a true king is royal science��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 And will not he who possesses this knowledge�察�whether he

happens to be a ruler or a private man�察�when regarded only in

reference to his art�察�be truly called ;royal;��

  Y。 Soc。 He certainly ought to be。

  Str。 And the householder and master are the same��

  Y。 Soc。 Of course。

  Str。 Again�察�a large household may be compared to a small 

state�此�will

they differ at all�察�as far as government is concerned��

  Y。 Soc。 They will not。

  Str。 Then�察�returning to the point which we were just now 

discussing��

do we not clearly see that there is one science of all of them�察�and

this science may be called either royal or political or 

economical�察�we

will not quarrel with any one about the name。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly not。

  Str。 This too�察�is evident�察�that the king cannot do much with his

hands�察�or with his whole body�察�towards the maintenance of his

empire�察�compared with what he does by the intelligence and 

strength of

his mind。

  Y。 Soc。 Clearly not。

  Str。 Then�察�shall we say that the king has a greater affinity to

knowledge than to manual arts and to practical life in general��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly he has。

  Str。 Then we may put all together as one and the

same´statesmanship and the statesman´the kingly science and the king。

  Y。 Soc。 Clearly。

  Str。 And now we shall only be proceeding in due order if 

we go on to

divide the sphere of knowledge��

  Y。 Soc。 Very good。

  Str。 Think whether you can find any joint or parting in knowledge。

  Y。 Soc。 Tell me of what sort。

  Str。 Such as this�此�You may remember that we made an art of

calculation��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 Which was�察�unmistakably�察�one of the arts of knowledge��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 And to this art of calculation which discerns the differences

of numbers shall we assign any other function except to pass

judgment on their differences��

  Y。 Soc。 How could we��

  Str。 You know that the master´builder does not work himself�察�but

is the ruler of workmen��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 He contributes knowledge�察�not manual labour��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And may therefore be justly said to share in theoretical

science��

  Y。 Soc。 Quite true。

  Str。 But he ought not�察�like the calculator�察�to regard his

functions as at and when he has formed a judgment�察�he must assign to

the individual workmen their appropriate task until they have

completed the work。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 Are not all such sciences�察�no less than arithmetic and the

like�察�subjects of pure knowledge�察�and is not the difference between

the two classes�察�that the one sort has the power of judging only��

and the other of ruling as well��

  Y。 Soc。 That is evident。

  Str。 May we not very properly say�察�that of all knowledge�察�there

are there are two divisions´one which rules�察�and the other which

judges��

  Y。 Soc。 I should think so。

  Str。 And when men have anything to do in common�察�that they 

should be

of one mind is surely a desirable thing��

  Y。 Soc。 Very true。

  Str。 Then while we are at unity among ourselves�察�we need not mind

about the fancies of others��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly not。

  Str。 And now�察�in which of these divisions shall we place the

king�拭�Is he a judge and a kind of spectator�拭�Or shall we 

assign to him

the art of command´for he is a ruler��

  Y。 Soc。 The latter�察�clearly。

  Str。 Then we must see whether there is any mark of division in the

art of command too。 I am inclined to think that there is a 

distinction

similar to that of manufacturer and retail dealer�察�which 

parts off the

king from the herald。

  Y。 Soc。 How is this��

  Str。 Why�察�does not the retailer receive and sell over again the

productions of others�察�which have been sold before��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly he does。

  Str。 And is not the herald under command�察�and does he not receive

orders�察�and in his turn give them to others��

  Y。 Soc。 Very true。

  Str。 Then shall we mingle the kingly art in the same class with

the art of the herald�察�the interpreter�察�the boatswain�察�the prophet��

and the numerous kindred arts which exercise command�察�or�察�as in the

preceding comparison we spoke of manufacturers�察�or sellers for

themselves�察�and of retailers�察�seeing�察�too�察�that the class of supreme

rulers�察�or rulers for themselves�察�is almost nameless´shall we make a

word following the same analogy�察�and refer kings to a supreme or

ruling´for´self science�察�leaving the rest to receive a name from

some one else�拭�For we are seeking the ruler�察�and our enquiry is not

concerned with him who is not a ruler。

  Y。 Soc。 Very good。

  Str。 Thus a very fair distincti
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