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on some fossil remains of man-及3何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
writers�察�and which were encountered as autochthones by the German
immigrants。 And 3rdly。 That it was beyond doubt that these human
relics were traceable to a period at which the latest animals of the
diluvium still existed�察�but that no proof of this assumption�察�nor
consequently of their so´termed 'fossil' condition�察�was afforded by the
circumstances under which the bones were discovered。
FIG。 23。The Engis skull viewed from above ��A�� and in front ��B��。
;As Dr。 Fuhlrott has not yet published his description of these
circumstances�察�I borrow the following account of them from one of his
letters。 'A small cave or grotto�察�high enough to admit a man�察�and
about 15 feet deep from the entrance�察�which is 7 or 8 feet wide�察�exists
in the southern wall of the gorge of the Neanderthal�察�as it is termed��
at a distance of about 100 feet from the Dussel�察�and about 60 feet
above the bottom of the valley。 In its earlier and uninjured
condition�察�this cavern opened upon a narrow plateau lying in front of
it�察�and from which the rocky wall descended almost perpendicularly into
the river。 It could be reached�察�though with difficulty�察�from above。
The uneven floor was covered to a thickness of 4 or 5 feet with a
deposit of mud�察�sparingly intermixed with rounded fragments of chert。
In the removing of this deposit�察�the bones were discovered。 The skull
was first noticed�察�placed nearest to the entrance of the cavern�察�and
further in�察�the other bones�察�lying in the same horizontal plane。 Of
this I was assured�察�in the most positive terms�察�by two labourers who
were employed to clear out the grotto�察�and who were questioned by me on
the spot。 At first no idea was entertained of the bones being human��
and it was not till several weeks after their discovery that they were
recognised as such by me�察�and placed in security。 But�察�as the
importance of the discovery was not at the time perceived�察�the
labourers were very careless in the collecting�察�and secured chiefly
only the larger bones�察�and to this circumstance it may be attributed
that fragments merely of the probably perfect skeleton came into my
possession'
;My anatomical examination of these bones afforded the following
results��
;The cranium is of unusual size�察�and of a long elliptical form。 A most
remarkable peculiarity is at once obvious in the extraordinary
development of the frontal sinuses�察�owing to which the superciliary
ridges�察�which coalesce completely in the middle�察�are rendered so
prominent�察�that the frontal bone exhibits a considerable hollow or
depression above�察�or rather behind them�察�whilst a deep depression is
also formed in the situation of the root of the nose。 The forehead is
narrow and low�察�though the middle and hinder portions of the cranial
arch are well developed。 Unfortunately�察�the fragment of the skull that
has been preserved consists only of the portion situated above the roof
of the orbits and the superior occipital ridges�察�which are greatly
developed�察�and almost conjoined so as to form a horizontal eminence。 It
includes almost the whole of the frontal bone�察�both parietals�察�a small
part of the squamous and the upper´third of the occipital。 The
recently fractured surfaces show that the skull was broken at the time
of its disinterment。 The cavity holds 16��876 grains of water�察�whence
its cubical contents may be estimated at 57。64 inches�察�or 1033。24 cubic
centimetres。 In making this estimation�察�the water is supposed to stand
on a level with the orbital plate of the frontal�察�with the deepest
notch in the squamous margin of the parietal�察�and with the superior
semicircular ridges of the occipital。 Estimated in dried millet´seed��
the contents equalled 31 ounces�察�Prussian Apothecaries' weight。 The
semicircular line indicating the upper boundary of the attachment of
the temporal muscle�察�though not very strongly marked�察�ascends
nevertheless to more than half the height of the parietal bone。 On the
right superciliary ridge is observable an oblique furrow or depression��
indicative of an injury received during life。*
��footnote�А�*This�察�Mr。 Busk has pointed out�察�is probably
the notch for the frontal nerve。 The coronal and sagittal
sutures are on the exterior nearly closed�察�and on the
inside so completely ossified as to have left no traces
whatever�察�whilst the lambdoidal remains quite open。 The
depressions for the Pacchionian glands are deep and
numerous�察�and there is an unusually deep vascular groove
immediately behind the coronal suture�察�which�察�as it
terminates in the foramen�察�no doubt transmitted a 'vena
emissaria'。 The course of the frontal suture is indicated
externally by a slight ridge�察�and where it joins the
coronal�察�this ridge rises into a small protuberance。 The
course of the sagittal suture is grooved�察�and above the
angle of the occipital bone the parietals are depressed。
mm。*
��footnote�А�*The numbers in brackets are those which I should
assign to the different measures�察�as taken from the plaster
cast。G。 B。
The length of the skull from the nasal
process of the frontal over the vertex
to the superior semicircular lines of the
occipital measures。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。303 ��300�� = 12。0;。
Circumference over the orbital ridges and
the superior semicircular lines of the
occipital。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。590 ��590�� = 23。37; or 23;。
Width of the frontal from the middle of
the temporal line on one side to the
same point on the opposite。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。104 ��114�� = 4。1;4。5;。
Length of the frontal from the nasal。
process to the coronal suture。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。133 ��125�� = 5。25;5;。
Extreme width of the frontal sinuses。。。。。。。。。。。25 ��23�� = 1。0;0。9;。
Vertical height above a line joining the
deepest notches in the squamous border
of the parietals。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。70 = 2。75;。
Width of hinder part of skull from one
parietal protuberance to the other。。。。。。。。。。。。。138 ��150�� = 5。4;5。9;
Distance from the upper angle of the
occipital to the superior semicircular
lines。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。51 ��60�� = 1。9;2。4;。
Thickness of the bone at the parietal
protuberance。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。8。
at the angle of the occipital。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。9。
at the superior semicircular line of
the occipital。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。10 = 0。3;
;Besides the cranium�察�the following bones have been secured��
;1。 Both thigh´bones�察�perfect。 These�察�like the skull�察�and all the
other bones�察�are characterized by their unusual thickness�察�and the
great development of all the elevations and depressions for the
attachment of muscles。 In the Anatomical Museum at Bonn�察�under the
designation of 'Giant's´bones��' are some recent thigh´bones�察�with which
in thickness the foregoing pretty nearly correspond�察�although they are
shorter。
Giant's bones。 Fossil bones。
mm。 mm。
Length。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。542 = 21。4;。。。。。。438 = 17。4;
Diameter of head of femur。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 54 = 2。14;。。。。。 53 = 2。0;
; of lower articular end�察�from
one condyle to the other。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 89 = 3。5;。。。。。。。 87 = 3。4;
Diameter of femur in the middle。。。。。。。。。。。。 33 = 1。2;。。。。。。。 30 = 1。1;
;2。 A perfect right humerus�察�whose size shows that it belongs to the
thigh´bones。
mm。
Length。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。312 = 12。3;
Thickness in the middle。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 26 = 1。0;
Diameter of head。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 49 = 1。9;
;Also a perfect right radius of corresponding dimensions�察�and the
upper´third of a right ulna corresponding to the humerus and radius。
;3。 A left humerus of which the upper´third is wanting�察�and which is so
much slenderer than the right as apparently to belong to a distinct
individual�察�a left 'ulna'�察�which�察�though complete�察�is pathologically
deformed�察�the coronoid process being so much enlarged by bony growth��
that flexure of the elbow beyond a right angle must have been
impossible�察�the anterior fossa of the humerus for the reception of the
coronoid process being also filled up with a similar bony growth。 At
the same time�察�the olecranon is curved strongly downwards。 As the bone
presents no sign of rachitic degeneration�察�it may be supposed that an
injury sustained during life was the cause of the anchylosis。 When the
left ulna is compared with the right radius�察�it might at first sight be
concluded that the bones respectively belonged to different individuals��
the ulna being more than half an inch too short for articulation with a
corresponding radius。 But it is clear that this shortening�察�as well as
the attenuation of the left humerus�察�are both consequent upon the
pathological condition above described。
;4。 A left 'ilium'�察�almost perfect�察�and belonging to the femur�此�a
fragment of the right 'scapula'�察�the anterior extremity of a rib of the
right side�察�and the same part of a rib of the left side�察�the hinder
part of a rib of the right side�察�and lastly�察�two hinder portion
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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