vill3-第33部分

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　rents。　But　the　explanation　would　hardly　suit　the　age　in　which　the　Hundred　Rolls　were　compiled。　The　phenomenon　mentioned　in　the　text　may　be　observed　in　all　the　Cartularies；　and　there　is　no　reason　to　think　that　the　free　rents　which　occur　in　them　are　already　antquated　survivals　of　agreements　which　had　lost　their　economic　sense。

73。　Rot。　Hundr。　ii。　542。

74。　Ib。　348。

75。　Ib。　508。

76。　Exch。　Q。　R。　Misc。　Books；　N　29；　f　11　a。

77。　Exch。　Q。　R。　Misc。　Books；　N　29；　f。　12：　'Idem　Thomas　habet　ibidem　12　villanos　tenentes　4　virgatas　terre　et　dimidiam　in　villenagio；　unde　Johannes　Aylind　tenet　dimidiam　virgatam　terre　pro　5s。　8d。　faciens　fenum　domini　per　Unum　diem　cum　uno　homine；　metens　blada　eiusdem　domini　per　1　diem　eum　Uno　homine；　etc。　Idem　Thomas　habet　ibidem　11　liberos　tenentes　11　virgatas　terre　et　dimidiam。　Unde　Willelmus　en　la　Nurne　tenet　dimidiam　virgatam　et　4　acras　terre　pro　4　solidis　faciens　sectam　ad　curiam　de　Bathekynton　bis　per　annum　pro　omni　demanda。'

78。　Bodekesham；　Cambs。　（R。　H。　ii。　487）；　is　probably　a　case　of　molland。　The　often…quoted　instance　of　Ayllington　is　doubtful；　although　the　Ramsey　Cartulary　speaks　of　the　liber　tenentes　as　malmanni。　The　expression　was　probably　in　use　for　all　rent…paying　people；　although　properly　a　designation　of　those　who　had　commuted　their　services。　See　Appendix　XV。

79。　R。　H。　ii。　349；　350：　'In　Weston；　Bucks；　the　service　of　the　villain　virgater　is　estimated　at　5s。　2d。。。。　Elyas　Clericus　tenet　dim。　virgatam　et　reddit　Johanni　de　Patishull　1d。　Willelmus　fil。　Willelmi　de　Ravenestone　tenet　dim。　virgatam　de　eodem　feodo　et　reddit　per　annum　1　d。　Thomas　Acpelard　tenet　dimidiam　virgatam　terre　et　reddit　dicto　Willelmo　de　Nodaris　3　d。　Stephanus　Elys　tenet　dimidiam　virgatam　et　solvit　eodem　Willelmo　2d。　Thomas　Thebaud　tenet　dimidiam　virgatam　et　reddit　eidem　Willelmo　1d。。。。　Item　Robertus　le　Cobeler　tenet　dimidiam　virgatam　terre　et　solvit　eodem　1　libram　cimini。　Omnes　isti　prescripti　dant　per　annum　forinsecum　et　scutagium　domino　Willelmo　de　Nodaris　quando　currit。'　Cf　Torrington；　Bucks；　R。　H。　ii。　352。

80。　R。　H。　ii。　713　（Stanton；　Oxon。）：　'ad　alternacionem　cujuslibet　domini　de　Stanton　debet　recognoscere　eundem　dominum　de　uno　spervario　et　dabit　dimidiam　marcam　eidem　domino。'

81。　See　e。　g。　Ramsey　Cartul。　i。　138；　142。

82。　R。　H。　ii。　402；　403。

83。　R。　H。　ii。　466。　Cf　609。

84。　R。　H。　ii。　502。

85。　R。　H。　ii。　484；　485。

86。　R。　H。　469；　470；　475。


Chapter　5

The　Manorial　Court


　　　　The　communal　organisation　of　the　village　is　made　to　subserve　the　needs　of　manorial　administration。　We　feel　naturally　inclined　to　think　and　to　speak　of　the　village　community　in　opposition　to　the　lord　and　to　notice　all　points　which　show　its　self…dependent　character。　But　in　practice　the　institution　would　hardly　have　lived　such　a　long　life　and　played　such　a　prominent　part　if　it　had　acted　only　or　even　chiefly　as　a　bulwark　against　the　feudal　owner。　Its　development　has　to　be　accounted　for　to　a　great　extent　by　the　fact　that　lord　and　village　had　many　interests　in　common。　They　were　natural　allies　in　regard　to　the　higher　manorial　officers。　The　lord　had　to　manage　his　estates　by　the　help　of　a　powerful　ministerial　class；　but　there　was　not　much　love　lost　between　employers　and　administrators；　and　often　the　latent　antagonism　between　them　broke　out　into　open　feuds。　If　it　is　always　difficult　to　organise　a　serviceable　administration；　the　task　becomes　especially　arduous　in　a　time　of　undeveloped　means　of　communication　and　of　weak　state　control。　It　was　exceedingly　difficult　to　audit　accounts　and　to　remove　bad　stewards。　The　strength　and　self…government　of　the　village　group　appeared；　from　this　point　of　view；　as　a　most　welcome　help　on　the　side　of　the　owner。（1*）　He　had　practically　to　surrender　his　arbitrary　power　over　the　peasant　population　and　their　land；　he　had　to　conform　to　fixed　rules　as　to　civil　usage；　manorial　claims　and　distribution　of　territory；　but　the　common　standards　established　by　custom　did　not　only　hamper　his　freedom　of　disposition；　they　created　a　basis　on　which　he　could　take　his　stand　above　and　against　his　stewards。　He　had　precise　arrangements　to　go　by　in　his　supervision　of　his　ministers；　and　there　was　something　more　than　his　own　interest　and　energy　to　keep　guard　over　the　maintenance　of　these　forms：　the　village　communities　were　sure　to　fight　for　them　from　beneath。　The　facilities　for　joint　action　and　accumulation　of　strength　derived　from　communal　self…government　vouched　indirectly　for　the　preservation　of　the　chief　capital　invested　by　the　lord　in　the　land：　it　was　difficult　for　the　steward　to　destroy　the　economic　stays　of　the　villainage。　　　　　There　are　many　occasions　when　the　help　rendered　by　the　village　communities　to　the　lord　may　be　perceived　directly。　I　need　hardly　mention　the　fact　that　the　surveys；　which　form　the　chief　material　of　our　study；　were　compiled　in　substance　by　sworn　inquests；　the　members　of　which　were　considered　as　the　chief　representatives　of　the　community；　and　had　to　give　witness　to　its　lore。　The　great　monastic　and　exchequer　surveys　do　not　give　any　insight　into　the　mode　of　selection　of　the　jurors：　it　may　he　guessed　with　some　probability　that　they　were　appointed　for　the　special　purpose；　and　chosen　by　the　whole　court　of　the　manor。　In　some　cases　the　ordinary　jurors　of　the　court；　or　chief　pledges；　may　have　been　called　upon　to　serve　on　the　inquest。　There　is　another　point　which　it　is　impossible　to　decide　quite　conclusively；　namely；　whether　questions　about　which　there　was　some　doubt　or　the　jurors　disagreed　were　referred　to　the　whole　body　of　the　court。　But；　although　we　do　not　hear　of　such　instances　in　our　great　surveys；　it　is　surely　an　important。　indication　that　the　extant　court…rolls　constantly　speak　of　the　whole　court　deciding　questions　when　the　verdict　of　ordinary　jurors　seemed　insufficient。　And　such　reserved　cases　were　by　no　means　restricted　to　points　of　law；　very　often　they　concerned　facts　of　the　same　nature　as　those　enrolled　in　the　surveys。（2*）　　　　　On　a　parallel　with　the　stewards　and　servants　appointed　by　the　lord；　although　in　subordination　to　them；　appear　officers　elected　by　the　village。　As　we　have　seen；　the　manorial　beadle　was　matched　by　the　communal　reeve；　and　a　like　contrast　is　sometimes　found　on　the　lower　degrees。（3*）　In　exceptional　cases　the　lord　nominates　the　reeve；　although　he　still　remains　the　chief　representative　of　village　interests　and　the　chief　collector　of　services。　But　in　the　normal　course　the　office　was　elective；　and　curious　intermediate　forms　may　be　found。　For　instance；　the　village　selects　the　messarius　（hayward）；　and　the　lord　may　appoint　him　reeve。（4*）　This　is　a　point；　again；　which　shows　most　clearly　the　intimate　connexion　between　the　interests　of　the　lord　and　those　of　the　village。　The　peasants　become　guarantors　for　the　reeve　whom　they　chose。　A　formula　which　comes　from　Gloucester　Abbey　requires；　that　only　such　persons　be　chosen　as　have　proved　their　capacity　to　serve　by　a　good　conduct　of　their　own　affairs：　all　shortcomings　and　defects　are　to　be　made　good　ultimately　by　the　rural　community　that　elected　the　officer；　and　no　excuses　are　to　be　accepted　unless　in　cases　of　exceptional　hardship。（5*）　The　economic　tracts　of　the　thirteenth　century　state　the　same　principle　in　even　a　more　explicit　manner。　　　　　From　the　manorial　point　of　view　the　whole　village　is　responsible　for　the　collection　of　duties。　There　are　payments　expressly　imposed　on　the　whole。　Such　is　the　case　with　the　yearly　auxilium　or　donum。　The　partition　of　these　between　the　householders　is　naturally　effected　in　a　meeting　of　the　villagers。（6*）　Most　services　are　laid　on　the　virgaters　separately。　But　they　are　all　held　answerable　for　the　regularity　and　completeness　with　which　every　single　member　of　the　community　performs　his　duties。　As　to　free　holdings；　it　is　sometimes　noticed　especially　to　what　extent　they　are　subjected　to　the　general　arrangement：　whether　they　participate　with　the　rest　in　payments；　and　whether　the　tenants　have　to　work　in　the　same　way　as　the　villains。（7*）　Very　often　the　documents　point　out　that　such　and　such　a　person　ought　to　take　part　in　certain　obligations　but　has　been　exempted　or　fraudulently　exempts　himself；　and　that　the　village　community　has　to　bear　a　relative　increase　of　its　burdens。（8*）　A　Glastonbury　formula　orders　the　steward　to　make　inquiries　about　people　who　have　been　freed　from　the　performance　of　their　services　in　such　a　way　that　their　responsibility　has　been　thrown　on　the　village。（9*）　　　　　But　it　would　be　very　wrong　to　assume　that　the　rural　community　could　act　only　in　the　interest　of　the　lord。　Its　solidarity　is　recognised　in　matters　which　do　not　concern　him；　or　even　which　call　forth　an　opposition　between　him　and　the　peasantry。　　　　　I　have　already　spoken　of　the　curious　fact　that　the　village　is　legally　recognised　as　a　unit；　separated　from　the　manor　although　existing　within　it。　When　the　reeve　and　the　four　men　attend　the　sheriff's　tourn　or　the　eyre；　they　do　not　represent　the　lord　only；　but　also　the　village　community。　Part　of　their　expenses　are　borne　by　the　lord　and　part　by　their　fellow　villagers。（10*）　The　documents　tell　us　of　craftsmen　who　have　to　work　for　the　village　as　well　as　for　the　lord。（11*）　On　a　parallel　with　services　due　to　the　landowner；　we　find　sometimes　kindred　services　reserved　for　the　village　community。（12*）　If　a　person　has　be