vill3-第30部分

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d　half…virgates；　it　is　said；　but　some　of　them　have　sold　part　of　their　land　according　to　the　custom　of　the　manor。　And　so　their　tenements　have　lost　their　original　regularity　of　construction；　although　it　seems　possible　to　fix　the　average　holdings　at　twelve　or　fifteen　acres。　Anyhow；　it　is　impossible　to　reduce　them　to　fractions　of　eighty…eight；　for　some　reason　or　another；　the　reckoning　is　made　on　a　different　basis。　The　duties　vary　a　good　deal；　and　it　would　be　even　more　difficult　to　conjecture　what　the　original　services　may　have　been　than　to　make　out　the　size　of　the　virgate。　　　　　The　example　is　instructive　in　many　ways。　It　is　a　stepping…stone　from　villainage　to　socage；　or　rather　to　socman's　tenure。　There　can　be　no　question　of　differences　of　feoffment。　The　manorial　power　is　fully　recognised；　and　on　the　other　hand　the　character　of　ancient　demesne　is　also　conspicuous　with　its　protection　of　the　peasantry。　And　still　the　whole　fabric　is　giving　way　　the　holdings　get　dispersed　and　the　service　loses　its　uniformity。　All　these　traits　are　a　fair　warning　to　those　who　argue　from　the　irregularity　of　free　tenements　and　the　inequality　of　their　rents　against　the　possibility　of　their　development　out　of　communal　ownership。　Here　is　a　well…attested　village　community；　its　members　hold　by　custom　and　have　not　changed　their　condition　either　for　the　better　or　for　the　worse　in　point　of　title。　Later　agencies　are　at　work　to　distort　the　original　arrangement　　a　few　steps　more　in　that　direction　and　it　would　be　impossible　to　make　out　even　the　chief　lines　of　the　system。　Stanton；　in　Cambridgeshire；　is　a　similar　case。（83*）　I　would　especially　direct　the　attention　of　the　reader　to　the　capricious　way　in　which　the　services　are　assessed。　And　still　the　titles　of　the　tenants　are　the　result　not　of　various　grants　but　of　manorial　custom　applied　to　the　whole　community。　I　repeat；　that　irregularity　in　the　size　of　holdings　and　in　the　services　that　they　owe　is　no　proof　that　these　holdings　have　not　formed　part　of　a　communal　arrangement　or　that　their　free　character　（if　they　have　a　free　character）　must　be　the　result　of　emancipation；　these　irregularities　are　found　on　the　ancient　demesne　where　there　has　been　no　enfranchisement　or　emancipation；　and　where　on　the　other　hand　the　tenants　have　all　along　been　sufficiently　'free'　to　enjoy　legal　protection　in　their　holdings。　　　　　If　we　have　to　say　so　much　with　regard　to　ancient　demesne　and　bond　socmen；　we　must　not　wonder　that　free　socmen　are　very　often　placed　in　conditions　which　it　would　be　impossible　to　reduce　to　a　definite　plan。　On　the　fee　of　Robert　le　Noreys；　in　Fordham；（84*）　we　find　some　scattered　free　tenants　burdened　with　entirely　irregular　rents；　four　villains　holding　eighteen　acres　each　and　subjected　to　heavy　ploughing　work；　three　socmen　of　twenty　acres　each　paying　a　rent　of　4s。　2d。　per　holding；　and　obliged　to　assist　at　reaping　and　to　bring　chicken；　one　socman　of　nine　acres　paying　10d。；　one　of　seven　acres　also　assessed　at　10d。；　two　of　eleven　acres　paying　15d。；　etc；　it　is　no　cause　for　wonder　that　such　instances　occur　at　the　end　of　the　thirteenth　century。　It　is　much　more　wonderful　that；　in　a　good　many　cases；　we　are　still　well　able　to　perceive　a　great　deal　of　the　original　regularity。　Swaffham　Prior；　in　Cambridgeshire；　is　a　grand　example　of　an　absolutely　regular　arrangement　in　a　community　of　free　socmen。（85*）　The　Prior　of　Ely　holds　it　for　three　hides　and　has　220　acres　on　his　home…farm。　The　rest　is　divided　among　sixteen　free　socmen　paying　5s。　each　and　performing　various　labour　services。　These　services　have　been　considerably　increased　by　the　Prior。　Mixed　cases　are　much　more　usual　　I　mean　cases　in　which　the　original　regularity　has　suffered　some　modifications；　though　a　little　attention　will　discover　traces　of　the　ancient　communal　arrangement。（86*）　　　　　On　the　whole；　I　think　that　the　notices　of　socmen's　tenure　in　the　Hundred　Rolls　are　especially　precious；　because　they　prove　that　the　observations　that　we　have　made　as　regards　freehold　generally　are　not　merely　ingenious　suggestions　about　what　may　conceivably　have　happened。　There　is　undoubtedly　one　weak　point　in　those　observations；　which　is　due　to　the　method　which　we　are　compelled　to　adopt。　It　is　difficult；　if　not　impossible；　to　classify　the　actual　cases　which　come　before　us；　to　say…in　this　case　freehold　is　the　result　of　commutation；　in　that　case　the　lord　has　enfeoffed　a　retainer　or　a　kinsman；　while　in　this　third　case；　the　freehold　virgate　has　always　been　freehold。　The　edge　of　the　inquiry　is　blunted；　if　I　may　so　say；　by　the　vagueness　of　terminological　distinctions；　and　we　must　rely　upon　general　impressions。　The　socman's　tenure；　on　the　contrary；　stands　out　as　a　clear　case；　and　a　careful　analysis　of　it　abundantly　verifies　the　conclusions　to　which　we　have　previously　come　by　a　more　circuitous　route。　　　　　It　seems　to　me　that　the　general　questions　with　which　we　started　in　our　inquiry　may　now　be　approached　with　some　confidence。　The　relation　of　free　tenancies　to　the　manorial　system　turns　out　to　be　a　complex　one。　The　great　majority　of　such　tenements　appears　as　a　later　growth　engrafted　on　the　system　when　it　was　already　in　decay。　Commutation　of　services；　the　spread　of　cultivation　over　the　waste；　and　the　surrender　of　portions　of　the　demesne　to　the　increasing　dependent　population；　must　largely　account　for　the　contrast　between　Domesday　and　the　Hundred　Rolls。　But　an　important　residue　remains；　which　must　be　explained　on　the　assumption　that　in　many　cases　the　shares　of　the　community　were　originally　distributed　among　free　people　who　had　nothing　or　little　to　do　with　manorial　work。　　　　　Three　conclusions　have　been　arrived　at　in　this　chapter。　　　　　1。　The　home…farm；　though　the　necessary　central　unit　of　the　manorial　group；　did　not；　as　a　rule；　occupy　a　large　area；　and　the　break…up　of　feudalism　tended　to　lessen　its　extension　in　favour　of　the　dependent　population。　　　　　2。　The　peculiar　feature　of　medieval　husbandry　　the　grouping　of　small　households　round　an　aristocratic　centre　　entailed　the　existence　of　a　large　class　engaged　in　collecting　revenue；　superintending　work；　and　generally　conducting　the　machinery　by　which　the　tributary　parts　were　joined　with　their　centre。　　　　　3。　The　position　of　free　tenements　within　the　manor　may　be　ascribed　to　one　of　three　causes：　（a）　they　have　been　the　tenements　of　serfs；　but；　in　consequence　either　of　some　general　commutation　or　of　special　feoffments；　they　have　become　free；　or　（b）　their　connexion　with　the　manor　has　all　along　been　rather　a　matter　of　jurisdiction　than　a　matter　of　proprietary　right；　that　is　to　say；　they　form　part　of　the　manor　chiefly　because　they　are　within　the　scope　of　the　manorial　court；　or　（c）　they　represent　free　shares　in　a　village　community　upon　which　the　manorial　structure　has　been　superimposed。

NOTES：



1。　Bracton；　iv。　9。　5；　f。　263：　'Est　autem　dominicum　quod　quis　habet　ad　mensam　suam　et　proprie；　sicut　sunt　Bordlands　Anglice。'

2。　Madox；　History　of　the　Exchequer；　i。　407。。；　Concessisse　unam　virgatam　terrae　in　Husfelds；　scilicet　20　acras　uno　anno　et　20　acras　alio。'

3。　In　Beauchamp；　a　manor　of　St。　Paul's；　London；　the　home　farm　is　one　of　the　largest。　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　28：　'In　dominico　tam　de　wainagio　veteri　quam　de　novo　essarto　676　acre　terre　arabilis　et　de　prato　18　acre　et　de　pastura　8　acras　＇sic＇　et　in　magno　bosco　bene　vestito　quinquies　20　acre　et　in　duabus　granis　Dorile　et　Langele　16　acras。'

4。　As　to　the　economic　aspects　of　the　subject；　see　Thorold　Rogers；　History　of　Agriculture　and　Prices；　Ashley；　Introduction　to　the　Study　of　Economic　History；　and　Cunningham；　Growth　of　Industry　and　Commerce　（2nd　ed。）。

5。　Harl。　MSS。　1006；　f　2。

6。　Ramsey　Cart。　（Rolls　Series）；　i。　282：　'Quae　culture　coli　possunt　sufficienter　cum　tribus　carucis　propriis　et　consuetudine　carrucarum　ville　et　duabus　precariis　carucis　（corr。　carucarum？）；　quae　consuetudo　ad　valentiam　trium　carucarum　aestimatur。'　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　13；　14：　'Potest　ibidem　fieri　wainagium　cum　5　carucis　quarum　tres　habent　4　boves　et　4　equos　et　due　singule　6　equos　cum　consuetudinibus　villate　propter　（corr。　praeter？）　dominicum　de　Luffehale　et　alia　quae　remota　sunt；　que　tamen　sunt　in　dispositione　firmarii。'　Cf　Glastonbury　Inqu。　of　1189；　pp。　28；　107。

7。　As　an　instance；　Bury　St。　Edmund's　Register；　Harl。　MSS。　743；　f　194：　'（Bucham）　abbas　Sti　Edmundi　capitalis　dominus。。。　tenet　in　eadem　villa　preter　homagium　liberorum　nihil。'

8。　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　58。

9。　Eynsham　Inqu。；　Chapter　of　Christ　Church；　Oxford；　N。　27；　f　5；　a：　'Robertus　Clement。。。　tenet　de　dominicis　superius　mensuratis　dum　domino　placet　unam　selionem　apud　Weylond　atte　Wyche；　unam　selionem　apud　Blechemanfurlong；　tres　seliones　in　Wellefurlong；　et　unam　selionem　apud　Groueacres　pro　11　solidis　per　annum。'

10。　It　is　well　known　that　the　second　book　of　Fleta　contains　a　sketch　of　the　functions　of　manorial　officers。　In　thirteenth…century　MSS。　we　find　also　a　special　tract　on　the　matter　entitled　de　Senescalcia。　See　Cunningham；　Growth　of　Industry　and　Commerce　（2nd　ed。）；　p。　222。　Let　it　be　understood　that　I　do　not　attempt　an　exhaustive　survey　of　the　subject；　but　only　a　general　indication　of　its　bearings。

11。　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　122；　forms　of　agreement　by　which　the　manors　were　let　to　farm　in　the　twelfth　century：　'Haec　est　conventio　inter　capitulum　Lundoniensis　ecclesiae　beati