money answers all things-第28部分

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　100；　138；　95；　13110　　　　　　　　　　　　　　；　2；　101；　202　　　　　　　　　　　　　；　1；　102；　102　　　　　　　　　　　　　；　2；　103；　206　　　　　　　　　　　　　；　3；　104；　312　　　　　　　　　　　　　；　1；　105；　105

13908　Under　10　Years

By　the　Number　of　Deaths　26761；　divide　the　Years　they　lived　623713；　and　23　Years　and　about　1/3；　according　to　the　Bill　of　Mortality；　appears　to　be　the　Par　Term　of　human　Life；　multiply　the　Deaths　by　this　Term；　shews　the　Number　of　People　living　in　the　Bills　of　Mortality　to　be　about　624；423　Persons；　and　if　we　suppose　the　Houses　one　with　another　to　contain　10　Souls；　then　the　Number　of　Houses　inhabited　will　be　62；442。　Now　the　London　Evening　Post　of　January　2；　1732…3；　says　upwards　of　8000　Houses；　according　to　Account　lately　taken　are　empty　in　London；　Westminister；　and　Places　with　the　Bills　of　Mortality；　most　of　which；　let　at　an　Average　at　about　20　l。　per　Annum；　at　which　Rate　there　is　upwards　of　160；000　l。　Rent　yearly　lost　in　the　Bills　of　Mortality；　more　than　a　ninth　Part　of　the　whole　Building　being　empty。　By　this　Bill　of　Mortality　it　also　appears；　that　more　than　half　the　human　Race　die　under　10　Years　of　Age；　and　if　we　consider　the　Number　of　young　Persons；　under　and　over　this　age；　who　live　to　supply　the　Places　of　those　that　die；　in　all　the　Stages　of　LIfe　above　this　Term；　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　Children　make　about　half　the　Business　of　the　World　as　I　have　asserted。　And　tho'　it　appears　by　this　Bill　of　Mortality　that　the　Term　of　Life；　on　the　Par；　is　about　49　Years；　excluding　all　those　that　die　at　20　Years　and　under；　yet　I　can't　imagine　the　Term　Men　have　to　raise　and　provide　for　Families　in　the　Marriage　State　doth　much　exceed　20　years；　since　it's　pretty　certain　Marriages　in　general　commence　a　few　Years　at　least　later　than　the　Age　of　20　years；　and　are　undoubtedly　generally　dissolved　by　the　Death　of　one　of　the　Parties　before　they　both　reach　the　Term　of　49　Years。

6。　I　am　not　unsensible　that　Mr　Derham　in　his　Pysico…Theology　shews　that　the　Deaths　in　London　as　in　most　great　Cities　are　greater　than　the　Births；　whence　an　Objection　may　seem　to　arise　to　the　Increase　abovementioned；　which　I　think　is　of　no　Weight；　because　if　a　Nation　will　absolutely　double　themselves　in　about　360　Years；　notwithstanding　Wars　and　Plagues；　Cities　must　do　so　too；　nay　it's　plain　by　what　Dr　Nichols　says；　London　increased　at　so　much　greater　Rate　as　to　Double　itself　in　40　Years；　notwithstanding　the　last　great　Plague　which　happened　in　that　Period。

7。　Doctor　John　Laurence；　in　his　System　of　Agriculture。　Page　45；　says；　Without　all　Question；　Improvement　of　Lands；　of　what　Kind　soever；　makes　Riches　and　Plenty；　and　Plenty　calls　together　Inhabitants；　and　People　to　consume　it。　And；　Page　47；　he　says；　So　plain　it　is；　that　Inclosure　is　the　greatest　Encouragement　to　good　Husbandry；　and　Remedy　for　Beggary；　the　Poor　being　imployed　by　the　continual　Labour　bestowed　on　such　Land；　which　is　doubly　repaid　by　the　fruitful　Crops　it　annually　yields。

8。　Sir　William　Pettis　says；　that　a　Nation　will　double　their　Number　in　200　Years；　which　must　always　be　understood　thus；　that　it　must　be　exempt　from　the　Ravage　of　War；　the　Destruction　of　Pestilence；　or　being　drained　for　distant　Colonies。

9。　Eras。　Phillips；　Esq；　in　his　State　of　the　Nation；　etc。；　Page　13；　says　very　truly。　High　Duties　and　Prohibitions　on　our　Side　beget　high　Duties　and　Prohibitions　on　theirs。

10。　Eras。　Phillips；　Esq；　Page　14。　gloriously　says；　A　trading　Nation　should　be　an　open　Ware　house；　where　the　Merchant　may　buy　what　he　pleases；　or　sell　what　he　can。　Whatever　is　brought　to　you；　if　you　don't　want　it；　you　won't　purchase　it；　if　you　do　want　it；　the　Largeness　of　the　Impost　don't　keep　it　from　you。

11。　This　will　in　the　Course　of　this　Essay　appear　to　be　a　necessary　Consequence　in　this　Case。

12。　Mr　Benjamin　Ward　of　Yarmouth；　in　his　State　of　the　Woollen　Manufactory　considered；　who　seems　to　have　informed　himself　thoroughly　of　this　important　Branch　in　foreign　Nations；　says；　Page　4。　〃It's　certain　no　country　in　Europe　manufactures　all　Kinds　of　Goods　so　dear　as　the　People　of　this　Kingdom；　which　gives　other　Nations　a　vast　Advantage　in　carrying　their　Manufactures　to　Market；　and　enabling　them　to　become　our　Rivals　in　Trade　to　almost　all　Countries；　and　a　little　lower　he　says；　10　Pound　and　a　half　of　Wool　from　the　Sheeps　Back　will　make　a　piece　of　Calimanco　weighing　eight　pounds；　which　Wool　will　cost　our　Manufacturers　about　6　s。　；　the　manufacturing　thereof　will　cost　1　l。　4　s。；　So　that　the　Piece　will　cost　us　1　l　10　s。　　　　　But　though　Foreigners　must　be　at　so　great　a　Charge　to　get　our　Wool；　that　the　same　Quantity　will　cost　them　double；　that　is　12　s。；　yet　being　able　to　manufacture　the　same　for　12　s。　which　is　1　l。　4　s。　they　can　and　do　undersel　us　6　shillings；　which　is　20　per　cent　in　such　a　Piece；　of　which　he　says；　the　manufacturing　Part　is　as　little　as　any　Stuff　we　make；　wherefore；　as　he　says；　Page　9；　we　are　under　an　absolute　Necessity　to　make　our　Goods　as　cheap　as　possibly　we　can；　if　we　mean　not　to　lose　our　foreign　Trade。〃　　　　　And　I　say　there　is　no　way　to　do　it　but　to　reduce　the　Necessaries　of　Life　to　half　their　present　Price；　that　we　may　work　as　cheap　as　any　Nation　that　now　interferes　in　any　of　our　Manufactures　or　Branches　of　our　Trade；　which　may　certainly　be　done　the　Way　I　propose；　and　this　will　infallibly　remedy　all　the　Evils　the　foreign　or　domestick　Trade　of　this　Kingdom　any　ways　suffers；　and　will　make　Money　sufficiently　plentiful　amongst　all　Ranks　of　People；　together　with　it；　for　these　Things　shew　themselves；　or　are　self　evident。　　　　　Eras。　Phillips；　Esq：　Page　8；　says；　〃Next　to　lessening　the　Price　of　Labour　is　to　bring　down　the　Price　of　Wool：　It　hath　been　in　a　great　Measure　owing　to　the　dearness　of　our　Woollen　Manufactures；　that　both　Holland　and　France　have　thought　it　worth　their　Care　to　set　up　Looms　of　their　own；　to　our　great　if　not　irreparable　Detriment；　and　France　hath　so　far　succeeded；　that　she　seems　to　have　no　further　Occasion　for　our　Cloaths　at　all。　　　　　And　Holland　hath　found　out　this　secret　of　Trade　to　buy　up　our　Raw　Cloaths；　if　I　may　be　allowed　the　Expression；　and　dye　and　nap　them　so　much　cheaper　than　we；　that　they　are　able　to　undersel　us　in　Goods　of　our　own　Produce。〃

13。　This　must　not　be　done　by　making　the　Poor　fare　harder；　or　consume　less　than　their　reasonable　Wants　in　that　Station　require；　for　they　being　the　Bulk　of　Mankind　would　in　this　Case　affect　the　Consumption　of　things　in　general　so　mightily；　that　there　would　be　a　want　of　Trade　and　Business　amongst　the　other　Part　of　the　People；　which　will　affect　the　Rents　so　much　the　more　as　the　People　this　Way　shall　be　distressed；　but　this　must　be　done　by　imploying　the　Poor　the　right　Way　（i。e。）　in　Tillage　and　Cultivation　of　Land；　to　make　the　Plenty　so　great　that　they　may　have　their　Wants　properly　supplied　for　that　Station　of　Life；　and　yet　work　so　cheap　as　to　make　our　Produce　and　Manufactures　as　cheap；as　any　of　our　neighbouring　Nations　make　any　thing　whatsoever；　wherewith　they　any　Way　interfere　in　any　Branch　of　our　Trade。

14。　'Tis　a　wrong　Notion；　that　if　our　Poor　who　take　Alms；　were　obliged　to　work　at　our　Manufactures；　instead　of　being　assisted；　that　our　Manufactures　would　thence　become　cheaper；　the　Poor　wou'd　in　this　Case　soon　make　Labour　so　little　worth　as　to　starve　each　other；　and　then　they　must　forsake　that　Business；　be　it　what　it　will；　and　then　those　Manufactures　must　again　fetch　a　Price　that　will　pay　all　Charges；　and　support　the　Labourer；　or　they　must　cease　to　be　made。

15。　That　the　single　Women　are　very　numerous；　will　I　believe　be　easily　allowed；　and　then　that　the　Number　of　single　Men　are　greater　is　certain；　since　the　Male　sex　are　considerably　more　numerous　than　the　Female；　as　I　will　presently　shew。

16。　To　convince　us　of　this；　we　need　only　compare　the　Magnificence　and　Splendour　of　a　City　or　Town；　whose　maritime　Trade　is　considerable；　with　the　Rusticity　and　Meanness　of　the　Country　People；　for　let　them　set　up　Coaches；　and　build　fine　Seats；　as　many　Merchants　and　Tradesmen　in　such　Towns　are　continually　doing；　and　then　I'll　acknowledge　that　Affluence　and　Power　are　so　immediately　connected　with　the　Plow；　that　no　Nation　need　concern　themselves　at　all　about　maritime　Commerce。

17。　The　labouring　People　being　so　great　a　Part　of　the　whole　as　7/8；　for　Argument　Sake；　I　take　them　here　for　the　whole。

18。　Benjamin　Motte's　Philosophical　Transactions　abridged；　Part　4。　Page　24；　demonstrate　England　or　South　Britain　to　contain　72；000　square　Miles；　or　46；800；000　Acres；　he　also　says；　the　Province　of　Holland　is　computed　to　contain　about　a　Million　of　Acres；　which　is　said　to　contain　2；400；000　Souls；　so　that　England；　to　be　proportionably　populous；　must　have　110　Millions　of　People；　but　he　says；　to　allow　Room　enough　for　Persons　of　all　Degrees　under　our　British　Monarchy；　if　England　were　half　as　populous　as　Holland；　with　only　55　Millions　of　People；　it　were　a　good　Proportion；　and　would　be　near　five　times　our　present　Number；　so　that　according　to　him；　we　must　have　about　eleven　Millions　of　People　in　England。　　　　　He　further　says；　that　to　people　England　with　this　Number；　viz。　55　Millions；　there　are　sundry　Ways　very　practicably；　by　which　he　hath　computed；　the　present　Number　may　be　doubled　in　24　or　25　Years；　and　probably　quadrupled　in　about　26　Years；　but　I　think　England　is　not　capable　to　sustain　double　its　present　Number　of　Inhabitants；　becaus