money answers all things-第20部分

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　almost　perishing　for　want　of　Work　enough　to　render　Labour　so　valuable；　as　to　be　a　sufficient；　fit　and　natural　Motive　to　make　them　industrious。　　　　　But；　besides　this　Difficulty　of　wanting　Hands　sufficient　to　execute　this　Proposal　effectually；　'tis　objected；　that　the　working　People　will　not　now　work　above　3　or　4　Days　in　a　Week；　but　get　drunk　the　other　2　or　3　days；　and　that　this　would　be　worse；　if　Necessaries　were　rendered　so　cheap　as　I　am　contending　for。　In　answer　to　which　I　must　observe；　that　Necessaries　can't　be　rendered　so　cheap；　as　I　am　aiming　at；　without　employing　more　of　the　labouring　Peoples　Time　and　Labour；　to　raise　such　a　Plenty　of　them　as　may　make　them　cheaper。　Nor　can　there　be　this　additional　Employment　for　their　Time　and　Labour；　till　the　Reduction　of　the　Price　of　Necessaries　shall　not　only　be　this　Way　attempted；　but　proceeded　in：　If　therefore　I　can　prove　that；　notwithstanding　the　working　People　do　waste　a　great　deal　of　their　Time；　they　nevertheless　do　Work　enough；　and　too　much　too；　as　Things　now　stand；　and　that　they　would　do　more；　if　it　were　provided　in　a　Way　that　would　encourage　their　Industry；　I　hope　no　such　Stress　ought　to　be　laid　on　this　Objection；　as　to　hinder　the　Execution　of　this　Proposal。　　　　　And；　First；　I　say　the　working　People　do　work　enough；　because　there　is　always　such　a　Plenty　of　all　Kinds　of　Goods　in　the　Hands　of　the　Venders；　that　the　Consumers　can　always　buy　what　they　want。　This　being　undeniably　true；　shews　that　the　working　People；　who　alone　make　all　these；　do　Work　enough；　the　End　of　making　them　being　to　supply　the　Wants　of　the　Consumers。　　　　　Again；　I　say；　if　it　is　become　a　Custom　to　hawk　Goods　about；　to　such　an　extraordinary　Degree；　that　the　Traders　and　Shopkeepers　in　most　Parts　of　the　Kingdom　have　petition'd　the　Parliament　to　have　it　prevented；　because　it　disabled　many　of　them　to　live；　and　pay　their　Rents；　as　they　justly　alledge；　then　there　is　not　only　Work　enough；　but　too　much　done；　since　it　hurts　both　the　Traders；　and　Landlords　of　Houses；　by　a　greater　Plenty　of　Goods　than　those　who　should　be　the　Consumers　of　them　are　able　to　purchase：　For　this　too　great　Plenty　of　Goods　is　the　sole　Foundation　of　Hawking　them。　　　　　The　like　may　be　said　of　giving　any　considerable　Credit；　either　as　to　Sums　or　Time。　I　wish　I　could　say；　the　Plenty　of　the　Necessaries　of　Life　was　as　great　as　the　Plenty　of　all　other　Things　always　is：　But　this　is　so　far　otherwise；　that　but　4　or　5　Years　ago；　many　Thousands　of　Poor；　in　several　Parts　of　the　Kingdom；　were　forced　to　live　on　such　unwholesome　Trash；　as　introduced　a　Distemper　little　less　than　Pestilential；　and　almost；　if　not　altogether　as　fatal　to　them；　whole　Families　being　frequently　swept　away　by　it　in　a　few　Days；　and　probably　many　were　actually　starved　to　Death。　See　Mr　Richard　Bradley's　Philosophical　Enquiry　into　the　late　severe　Winter；　and　Scarcity　and　Dearness　of　Provision。　　　　　Again；　if　there　be　any　flagrant　Marks　of　a　Decay　of　Trade　upon　us　（and　I　will　presently　produce　enough　of　them）　then　there　is　evidently　more　Work　done；　than　either　our　domestick　or　foreign　Trade　doth　require；　let　the　Time　wasted　by　our　working　People　be　what　it　will：　For　a　decay　of　Trade；　and　a　sufficient　Demand　for　the　Goods　we　make；　are　incompatible　Things。　　　　　But　I　shall　offer　an　Instance；　to　shew　that　the　working　People　can　and　will　do　a　great　deal　more　Work　than　they　do；　if　they　were　sufficiently　encouraged。　For　I　take　it　for　a　Maxim；　that　the　People　of　no　Class　will　ever　want　Industry；　if　they　don't　want　Encouragement：　The　Truth　of　which　is　as　certain　and　undeniable；　as　that　the　Consumer；　if　he　had　money　to　pay　for　ti；　and　was　willing　to　buy；　never　yet　went　entirely　without　any　staple　Commodity　whatsoever；　or　indeed　without　any　other　common　thing　he　wanted。　And　if　the　labouring　People　do　so　much　Work　under　the　discouraging　Wages；　which　I　have　shewn；　are　not　equal　to　2/3　of　the　necessary　Charge　of　a　middling　Family；　what　might　we　not　expect；　if　they　were　animated　by　a　sufficient　Supply；　and　those　Temptation　removed；　which　I　have　shewn；　are　the　greatest　Snares　to　them；　and　which　I　think　would　certainly　in　a　great　Measure　be　remov'd；　if　this　Proposal　were　to　be　executed？　　　　　The　Instance　I　shall　produce；　to　prove　that　the　working　People　can　and　will　do　a　great　deal　more　Work　than　they　do；if　they　were　somewhat　better　incouraged；　shall　be　that　of　a　general　Mourning　for　the　Death　of　a　Prince。　　　　　The　Charge　brought　against　the　working　People；　as　above；　shews　that　they　don't　want　Time　to　do　a　great　deal　more　Work　than　they　do；　and　a　Time　of　general　Mourning　for　a　Prince　necessarily　requires　abundance　of　Goods　to　be　made　in　a　very　short　time；　besides　the　considerable　Stock　we　may　suppose　to　be　in　Hand；　towards　supplying　the　extraordinary　Demand　of　such　Occasions；　and　we　know　the　Weavers；　Dyers；　Taylors；　etc。　do　at　such　Times　work　almost　Night　and　Day；　only　for　the　Encouragement　of　somewhat　better　Pay　and　Wages；　which　an　extraordinary　Demand　for　any　Goods　is　necessarily　connected　with；　and　if　this　can　be　carried　so　far；　as　to　cloath　so　great　a　Part　of　the　People　of　the　Kingdom　in　so　short　a　time；　as　we　usually　see　them　put　themselves　in　Mourning　on　such　Occasions；　it　must　be　plain　that　the　working　People　not　only　can；　but　would　do　a　great　deal　more　Work　than　they　do；　if　they　were　but　somewhat　better　encouraged　by　their　Wages　to　do　so。　　　　　Lastly；　The　full　and　sufficient　Execution　of　this　Proposal　is　the　only　natural　Way　to　extend　Dominion；　and　introduce　Liberty　amongst　Mankind。　For　wherever　so　much　Land　is　continually　put　to　use；　as　will　call　for　all　Land　is　continually　put　to　use；　as　will　call　for　all　the　Hands；　Trade；　and　Manufactures　will　suffer　to　employ　themselves　this　Way；　as　this　will　necessarily　give　full　employment　to　all　the　People；　and　make　such　Plenty　of　every　Thing；　that　the　meanest　of　the　People　will　certainly　find　a　comfortable　Subsistence　for　themselves　and　Families；　so　it　will　infallibly　draw　the　People　out　of　every　Nation　round　us；　that　doth　not　attend　to　this　Point　in　the　same　Degree；　and　consequently　cause　the　People　to　forsake　every　arbitrary　and　oppressive　Government；　to　find　such　a　Settlement；　as　the　Business　so　much　Land　continually　added　and　improv'd　will　necessarily　provide　for　them。　　　　　'Tis　true；　this　will　in　time　fill　this　Island　with　Inhabitants；　and　improve　every　Spot　of　Ground　in　it。　And　I　suppose　it　must　be　this　Way　that　Benjamin　Motte　Computes　that　the　People　may　be　doubled；　in　so　short　a　Time　as　24　or　25　Years：　If　this　be　not　the　Way；　I　am　not　able　to　conjecture　how　so　great　an　Increase　of　People　should　arise；　in　the　small　Space　he　assert　they　may　be　doubled　and　quadrupled；　for　I　am　sure　the　natural　Increase　of　Mankind　will　require　a　vastly　longer　Term；　only　to　double　in。　　　　　But　however；　if　my　9th　and　10th　Principles　are　true；　and　I　think　them　self…evident；　then　the　full　and　sufficient　Execution　of　this　Proposal　must　be　a　great　Advantage　to　the　Government；　by　increasing　the　Number　and　Riches　of　their　Subjects；　and　their　Revenues　together　with　them；　which　Things　are　inseparably　connected。　Nay；　this　matter　ought　most　certainly　to　be　carried　so　far　as　to　fill　Ireland　with　Inhabitants；　by　granting　for　a　considerable　Term；　on　small　Acknowledgments；　a　proper　Quantity　of　any　waste　Land；　that　any　Person　shall　choose；　and　be　able　to　undertake　the　full　Improvement　of。　And　this；　I　think；　these　Kingdoms　would　soon　become　vastly　more　powerful；　since　'tis　probable；　that　in　less　than　a　Century　there　would　be　double　the　present　Number　of　People　found　in　them。　Nor　could　this　possibly　fail；　I　think；　unless　the　Nations　round　us；　to　prevent　the　Loss　of　their　Subjects；　should　take　the　same　Measures；　and　then　the　Increase　of　each　Nation　would　be　only　such　as　the　natural　Increase　of　Mankind　will　produce。　but　this　great　Advantage　wold　arise　to　Mankind　by　this　Means；　that　Happiness　and　Liberty　wold　be　as　general　and　extensive；　as　the　Method　I　prescribe　shall　be　practised。　　　　　And　this　may　shew　the　Folly　and　Absurdity　of　making　War；　on　the　ambitious　Principle　of　extending　Dominion；　since　War；　if　it　be　continued　a　few　Years；　commonly　ruins　the　Generality　of　the　People　of　such　Nations　as　are　vanquish'd；　as　we　know　the　late　War　did　France；　and　what　we　who　conquer'd　got　by　it；　the　Taxes　we　at　present　groan　under；　and　from　which　perhaps　we　shall　never　be　reliev'd；　will　amply　testify。　But　the　Folly　of　making　War；　to　extend　Dominion；　appears；　in　what　War　lays　waste　and　depopulates　Countries；　and　thereby　puts　such　Nations　to　great　and　extraordinary　Charges　and　Difficulties；　to　preserve　and　defend　such　unpeopled　Territories　from　the　easy　Inroads　and　Invasions　of　their　Neighbours；　who　have　as　many　more　Opportunities　of　Entrance；　as　the　extended　unpeopled　Territory　of　any　Potentate　doth　necessarily　afford。　　　　　If　therefore　it　be　absurd　to　make　War　to　extend　Dominion；　I　should　say　Territory；　for　that　is　all　that　can　be　got　by　it；（27*）　and　if；　as　I　have　before　shewn；　it　be　unnecessary　on　the　Account　of　Trade　also；　it　will　follow　that　War；　except　in　our　own　necessary　Self…defence；　is　unnatural　and　wicked；　since　these　ordinary　Causes；　viz。　extending　Dominion　or　Trade　will　not　justify　it。　　　　　Yet　I　think　there　is　one　Case；　in　which　making　War　on　other　Nations　may　be　justifiable；　viz。　Fighting　for　Territory　when　we　are　over…