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the formation of vegetable mould-第20部分

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earth as food instead of leaves; and when they are making deep 
burrows。  This is rendered almost certain by the following weights 
of the castings thrown up at the mouths of single burrows; the 
whole of which appeared to have been ejected within no long time; 
as was certainly the case in several instances。  The castings were 
dried (excepting in one specified instance) by exposure during many 
days to the sun or before a hot fire。


WEIGHT OF THE CASTINGS ACCUMULATED AT THE MOUTH OF A SINGLE BURROW。


(Weight in ounces given in parenthesisDP。)

(1。)  Down; Kent (sub…soil red clay; full of flints; over…lying the 
chalk)。  The largest casting which I could find on the flanks of a 
steep valley; the sub…soil being here shallow。  In this one case; 
the casting was not well dried (3。98)

(2。)  Down。Largest casting which I could find (consisting chiefly 
of calcareous matter); on extremely poor pasture land at the bottom 
of the valley mentioned under (1。) (3。87)

(3。)  Down。A large casting; but not of unusual size; from a 
nearly level field; poor pasture; laid down in a grass about 35 
years before (1。22)

(4。)  Down。  Average weight of 11 not large castings ejected on a 
sloping surface on my lawn; after they had suffered some loss of 
weight from being exposed during a considerable length of time to 
rain (0。7)

(5。)  Near Nice in France。Average weight of 12 castings of 
ordinary dimensions; collected by Dr。 King on land which had not 
been mown for a long time and where worms abounded; viz。; a lawn 
protected by shrubberies near the sea; soil sandy and calcareous; 
these castings had been exposed for some time to rain; before being 
collected; and must have lost some weight by disintegration; but 
they still retained their form (1。37)

(6。)  The heaviest of the above twelve castings (1。76)

(7。)   Lower Bengal。Average weight of 22 castings; collected by 
Mr。 J。 Scott; and stated by him to have been thrown up in the 
course of one or two nights (1。24)

(8。)  The heaviest of the above 22 castings (2。09)

(9。)  Nilgiri Mountains; S。 India; average weight of the 5 largest 
castings collected by Dr。 King。  They had been exposed to the rain 
of the last monsoon; and must have lost some weight (3。15)

(10。)  The heaviest of the above 5 castings (4。34)


In this table we see that castings which had been ejected at the 
mouth of the same burrow; and which in most cases appeared fresh 
and always retained their vermiform configuration; generally 
exceeded an ounce in weight after being dried; and sometimes nearly 
equalled a quarter of a pound。  On the Nilgiri mountains one 
casting even exceeded this latter weight。  The largest castings in 
England were found on extremely poor pasture…land; and these; as 
far as I have seen; are generally larger than those on land 
producing a rich vegetation。  It would appear that worms have to 
swallow a greater amount of earth on poor than on rich land; in 
order to obtain sufficient nutriment。

With respect to the tower…like castings near Nice (Nos。 5 and 6 in 
the above table); Dr。 King often found five or six of them on a 
square foot of surface; and these; judging from their average 
weight; would have weighed together 7。5 ounces; so that the weight 
of those on a square yard would have been 4 lb。 3。5 oz。  Dr。 King 
collected; near the close of the year 1872; all the castings which 
still retained their vermiform shape; whether broken down or not; 
from a square foot; in a place abounding with worms; on the summit 
of a bank; where no castings could have rolled down from above。  
These castings must have been ejected; as he judged from their 
appearance in reference to the rainy and dry periods near Nice; 
within the previous five or six months; they weighed 9。5 oz。; or 5 
lb。 5。5 oz。 per square yard。  After an interval of four months; Dr。 
King collected all the castings subsequently ejected on the same 
square foot of surface; and they weighed 2。5 oz。; or 1 lb。 6。5 oz。 
per square yard。  Therefore within about ten months; or we will say 
for safety's sake within a year; 12 oz。 of castings were thrown up 
on this one square foot; or 6。75 pounds on the square yard; and 
this would give 14。58 tons per acre。

In a field at the bottom of a valley in the chalk (see No。 2 in the 
foregoing table); a square yard was measured at a spot where very 
large castings abounded; they appeared; however; almost equally 
numerous in a few other places。  These castings; which retained 
perfectly their vermiform shape; were collected; and they weighed 
when partially dried; 1 lb。 13。5 oz。  This field had been rolled 
with a heavy agricultural roller fifty…two days before; and this 
would certainly have flattened every single casting on the land。  
The weather had been very dry for two or three weeks before the day 
of collection; so that not one casting appeared fresh or had been 
recently ejected。  We may therefore assume that those which were 
weighed had been ejected within; we will say; forty days from the 
time when the field was rolled;that is; twelve days short of the 
whole intervening period。  I had examined the same part of the 
field shortly before it was rolled; and it then abounded with fresh 
castings。  Worms do not work in dry weather during the summer; or 
in winter during severe frosts。  If we assume that they work for 
only half the yearthough this is too low an estimatethen the 
worms in this field would eject during the year; 8。387 pounds per 
square yard; or 18。12 tons per acre; assuming the whole surface to 
be equally productive in castings。

In the foregoing cases some of the necessary data had to be 
estimated; but in the two following cases the results are much more 
trustworthy。  A lady; on whose accuracy I can implicitly rely; 
offered to collect during a year all the castings thrown up on two 
separate square yards; near Leith Hill Place; in Surrey。  The 
amount collected was; however; somewhat less than that originally 
ejected by the worms; for; as I have repeatedly observed; a good 
deal of the finest earth is washed away; whenever castings are 
thrown up during or shortly before heavy rain。  Small portions also 
adhered to the surrounding blades of grass; and it required too 
much time to detach every one of them。

On sandy soil; as in the present instance; castings are liable to 
crumble after dry weather; and particles were thus often lost。  The 
lady also occasionally left home for a week or two; and at such 
times the castings must have suffered still greater loss from 
exposure to the weather。  These losses were; however; compensated 
to some extent by the collections having been made on one of the 
squares for four days; and on the other square for two days more 
than the year。

A space was selected (October 9th; 1870) for one of the squares on 
a broad; grass…covered terrace; which had been mowed and swept 
during many years。  It faced the south; but was shaded during part 
of the day by trees。  It had been formed at least a century ago by 
a great accumulation of small and large fragments of sandstone; 
together with some sandy earth; rammed down level。  It is probable 
that it was at first protected by being covered with turf。  This 
terrace; judging from the number of castings on it; was rather 
unfavourable for the existence of worms; in comparison with the 
neighbouring fields and an upper terrace。  It was indeed surprising 
that as many worms could live here as were seen; for on digging a 
hole in this terrace; the black vegetable mould together with the 
turf was only four inches in thickness; beneath which lay the level 
surface of light…coloured sandy soil; with many fragments of 
sandstone。  Before any castings were collected all the previously 
existing ones were carefully removed。  The last day's collection 
was on October 14th; 1871。  The castings were then well dried 
before a fire; and they weighed exactly 3。5 lbs。  This would give 
for an acre of similar land 7。56 tons of dry earth annually ejected 
by worms。

The second square was marked on unenclosed common land; at a height 
of about 700 ft。 above the sea; at some little distance from Leith 
Hill Tower。  The surface was clothed with short; fine turf; and had 
never been disturbed by the hand of man。  The spot selected 
appeared neither particularly favourable nor the reverse for worms; 
but I have often noticed that castings are especially abundant on 
common land; and this may; perhaps; be attributed to the poorness 
of the soil。  The vegetable mould was here between three and four 
inches in thickness。  As this spot was at some distance from the 
house where the lady lived; the castings were not collected at such 
short intervals of time as those on the terrace; consequently the 
loss of fine earth during rainy weather must have been greater in 
this than in the last case。  The castings moreover were more sandy; 
and in collecting them during dry weather they sometimes crumbled 
into dust; and much was thus lost。  Therefore it is certain that 
the worms brought up to the surface considerably more earth than 
that which was collected。  The last collec
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