笛卡尔+第一哲学沉思录+英文版-第5部分

快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完，想下次继续接着阅读，可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能！

a　continual　succession　of　antecedents；　or　by　some　other
method￥since　to　err　and　deceive　oneself　is　a　defect；　it　is
clear　that　the　greater　will　be　the　probability　of　my　being　so
imperfect　as　to　deceive　myself　ever；　as　is　the　Author　to　whom
they　assign　my　origin　the　less　powerful。　　To　these　reasons　I
have　certainly　nothing　to　reply；　but　at　the　end　I　feel
constrained　to　confess　that　there　is　nothing　in　all　that　I
formerly　believed　to　be　true；　of　which　I　cannot　in　some
measure　doubt；　and　that　not　merely　through　want　of　thought　or
through　levity；　but　for　reasons　which　are　very　powerful　and
maturely　considered；　so　that　henceforth　I　ought　not　the　less
carefully　to　refrain　from　giving　credence　to　these　opinions
than　to　that　which　is　manifestly　false；　if　I　desire　to　arrive
at　any　certainty　＇in　the　sciences＇。
　　　　　But　it　is　not　sufficient　to　have　made　these　remarks；　we
must　also　be　careful　to　keep　them　in　mind。　　For　these　ancient
and　monly　held　opinions　still　revert　frequently　to　my　mind；
long　and　familiar　custom　having　given　them　the　right　to　occupy
my　mind　against　my　inclination　and　rendered　them　almost
masters　of　my　belief；　nor　will　I　ever　lose　the　habit　of
deferring　to　them　or　of　placing　my　confidence　in　them；　so　long
as　I　consider　them　as　they　really　are；　i。e。　opinions　in　some
measure　doubtful；　as　I　have　just　shown；　and　at　the　same　time
highly　probable；　so　that　there　is　much　more　reason　to　believe
in　than　to　deny　them。　　That　is　why　I　consider　that　I　shall　not
be　acting　amiss；　if；　taking　of　set　purpose　a　contrary　belief；
I　allow　myself　to　be　deceived；　and　for　a　certain　time　pretend
that　all　these　opinions　are　entirely　false　and　imaginary；
until　at　last；　having　thus　balanced　my　former　prejudices　with
my　latter　＇so　that　they　cannot　divert　my　opinions　more　to　one
side　than　to　the　other＇；　my　judgment　will　no　longer　be
dominated　by　bad　usage　or　turned　away　from　the　right　knowledge
of　the　truth。　　For　I　am　assured　that　there　can　be　neither
peril　nor　error　in　this　course；　and　that　I　cannot　at　present
yield　too　much　to　distrust；　since　I　am　not　considering　the
question　of　action；　but　only　of　knowledge。
　　　　　I　shall　then　suppose；　not　that　God　who　is　supremely　good
and　the　fountain　of　truth；　but　some　evil　genius　not　less
powerful　than　deceitful；　has　employed　his　whole　energies　in
deceiving　me；　I　shall　consider　that　the　heavens；　the　earth；
colours；　figures；　sound；　and　all　other　external　things　are
nought　but　the　illusions　and　dreams　of　which　this　genius　has
availed　himself　in　order　to　lay　traps　for　my　credulity；　I
shall　consider　myself　as　having　no　hands；　no　eyes；　no　flesh；
no　blood；　nor　any　senses；　yet　falsely　believing　myself　to
possess　all　these　things；　I　shall　remain　obstinately　attached
to　this　idea；　and　if　by　this　means　it　is　not　in　my　power　to
arrive　at　the　knowledge　of　any　truth；　I　may　at　least　do　what
is　in　my　power　＇i。e。　suspend　my　judgment＇；　and　with　firm
purpose　avoid　giving　credence　to　any　false　thing；　or　being
imposed　upon　by　this　arch　deceiver；　however　powerful　and
deceptive　he　may　be。　　But　this　task　is　a　laborious　one；　and
insensibly　a　certain　lassitude　leads　me　into　the　course　of　my
ordinary　life。　　And　just　as　a　captive　who　in　sleep　enjoys　an
imaginary　liberty；　when　he　begins　to　suspect　that　his　liberty
is　but　a　dream；　fears　to　awaken；　and　conspires　with　these
agreeable　illusions　that　the　deception　may　be　prolonged；　so
insensibly　of　my　own　accord　I　fall　back　into　my　former
opinions；　and　I　dread　awakening　from　this　slumber；　lest　the
laborious　wakefulness　which　would　follow　the　tranquillity　of
this　repose　should　have　to　be　spent　not　in　daylight；　but　in
the　excessive　darkness　of　the　difficulties　which　have　just
been　discussed。
　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Meditation　II
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　Of　the　Nature　of　the　Human　Mind；　and　that　it　is　more　easily
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　known　than　the　Body。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　The　Meditation　of　yesterday　filled　my　mind　with　so　many
doubts　that　it　is　no　longer　in　my　power　to　forget　them。　　And
yet　I　do　not　see　in　what　manner　I　can　resolve　them；　and；　just
as　if　I　had　all　of　a　sudden　fallen　into　very　deep　water；　I　am
so　disconcerted　that　I　can　neither　make　certain　of　setting　my
feet　on　the　bottom；　nor　can　I　swim　and　so　support　myself　on
the　surface。　　I　shall　nevertheless　make　an　effort　and　follow
anew　the　same　path　as　that　on　which　I　yesterday　entered；　i。e。
I　shall　proceed　by　setting　aside　all　that　in　which　the　least
doubt　could　be　supposed　to　exist；　just　as　if　I　had　discovered
that　it　was　absolutely　false；　and　I　shall　ever　follow　in　this
road　until　I　have　met　with　something　which　is　certain；　or　at
least；　if　I　can　do　nothing　else；　until　I　have　learned　for
certain　that　there　is　nothing　in　the　world　that　is　certain。
Archimedes；　in　order　that　he　might　draw　the　terrestrial　globe
out　of　its　place；　and　transport　it　elsewhere；　demanded　only
that　one　point　should　be　fixed　and　immoveable；　in　the　same　way
I　shall　have　the　right　to　conceive　high　hopes　if　I　am　happy
enough　to　discover　one　thing　only　which　is　certain　and
indubitable。
　　　　　I　suppose；　then；　that　all　the　things　that　I　see　are
false；　I　persuade　myself　that　nothing　has　ever　existed　of　all
that　my　fallacious　memory　represents　to　me。　　I　consider　that　I
possess　no　senses；　I　imagine　that　body；　figure；　extension；
movement　and　place　are　but　the　fictions　of　my　mind。　　What；
then；　can　be　esteemed　as　true？　　Perhaps　nothing　at　all；　unless
that　there　is　nothing　in　the　world　that　is　certain。
　　　　　But　how　can　I　know　there　is　not　something　different　from
those　things　that　I　have　just　considered；　of　which　one　cannot
have　the　slightest　doubt？　　Is　there　not　some　God；　or　some
other　being　by　whatever　name　we　call　it；　who　puts　these
reflections　into　my　mind？　　That　is　not　necessary；　for　is　it
not　possible　that　I　am　capable　of　producing　them　myself？　　I
myself；　am　I　not　at　least　something？　　But　I　have　already
denied　that　I　had　senses　and　body。　　Yet　I　hesitate；　for　what
follows　from　that？　　Am　I　so　dependent　on　body　and　senses　that
I　cannot　exist　without　these？　　But　I　was　persuaded　that　there
was　nothing　in　all　the　world；　that　there　was　no　heaven；　no
earth；　that　there　were　no　minds；　nor　any　bodies：　　was　I　not
then　likewise　persuaded　that　I　did　not　exist？　　Not　at　all；　of
a　surety　I　myself　did　exist　since　I　persuaded　myself　of
something　＇or　merely　because　I　thought　of　something＇。　　But
there　is　some　deceiver　or　other；　very　powerful　and　very
cunning；　who　ever　employs　his　ingenuity　in　deceiving　me。　　Then
without　doubt　I　exist　also　if　he　deceives　me；　and　let　him
deceive　me　as　much　as　he　will；　he　can　never　cause　me　to　be
nothing　so　long　as　I　think　that　I　am　something。　　So　that　after
having　reflected　well　and　carefully　examined　all　things；　we
must　e　to　the　definite　conclusion　that　this　proposition：　　I
am；　I　exist；　is　necessarily　true　each　time　that　I　pronounce
it；　or　that　I　mentally　conceive　it。
　　　　　But　I　do　not　yet　know　clearly　enough　what　I　am；　I　who　am
certain　that　I　am；　and　hence　I　must　be　careful　to　see　that　I
do　not　imprudently　take　some　other　object　in　place　of　myself；
and　thus　that　I　do　not　go　astray　in　respect　of　this　knowledge
that　I　hold　to　be　the　most　certain　and　most　evident　of　all
that　I　have　formerly　learned。　　That　is　why　I　shall　now
consider　anew　what　I　believed　myself　to　be　before　I　embarked
upon　these　last　reflections；　and　of　my　former　opinions　I　shall
withdraw　all　that　might　even　in　a　small　degree　be　invalidated
by　the　reasons　which　I　have　just　brought　forward；　in　order
that　there　may　be　nothing　at　all　left　beyond　what　is
absolutely　certain　and　indubitable。
　　　　　What　then　did　I　formerly　believe　myself　to　be？
Undoubtedly　I　believed　myself　to　be　a　man。　　But　what　is　a　man？
Shall　I　say　a　reasonable　animal？　　Certainly　not；　for　then　I
should　have　to　inquire　what　an　animal　is；　and　what　is
reasonable；　and　thus　from　a　single　question　I　should
insensibly　fall　into　an　infinitude　of　others　more　difficult；
and　I　should　not　wish　to　waste　the　little　time　and　leisure
remaining　to　me　in　trying　to　unravel　subtleties　like　these。
But　I　shall　rather　stop　here　to　consider　the　thoughts　which　of
themselves　spring　up　in　my　mind；　and　which　were　not　inspired
by　anything　beyond　my　own　nature　alone　when　I　applied　myself
to　the　consideration　of　my　being。　　In　the　first　place；　the；　I
considered　myself　as　having　a　face；　hands；　arms；　and　all　that
system　of　members　posed　on　bones　and　flesh　as　seen　in　a
corpse　which　I　designated　by　the　name　of　body。　　In　addition　to
this　I　considered　that　I　was　nourished；　that　I　walked；　that　I
felt；　and　that　I　thought；　and　I　referred　all　these　actions　to
the　soul：　　but　I　did　not　stop　to　consider　what　the　soul　was；
or　if　I　did　stop；　I　imagined　that　it　was　something　extremely
rare　and　subtle　like　a　wind；　a　flame；　or　an　ether；　which　was
spread　throughout　my　grosser　parts。　　As　to　body　I　had　no
manner　of　doubt　about　its　nature；　but　thought　I　had　a　very
clear　knowledge　of　it；　and　if　I　had　desired　to　explain　it
according　to　the　notions　that　I　had　then　formed　of　it；　I
should　have　described　it　thus：　　By　the　body　I　understand　all
that　which　can　be　defined　by　a　certain　figure：　　something
which　can　be　confi